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When we perform or participate in rituals and ceremonies, we enter into a state of mind that is different from mundane consciousness. Ranging in significance from bedtime stories to weddings, ceremonies and rituals are acknowledgments that an event or period of time has special meaning. As a result, they can have the effect of drawing us into the moment, inviting us to pay closer attention and tune into the subtle energies that are always present but that often go unrecognized. In addition, as we perform the same actions we have performed before and will perform again, we immerse ourselves in a river of continuity that extends back into the past and forward into the future.
Many of us have distanced ourselves from rituals that may have seemed too constricting or too attached to an organized religion we have chosen not to follow. However, we can reclaim the practices of ceremony and ritual to good effect, imbuing them with our new consciousness, and we do not have to wait for a big event to do it. We can engage in daily practices that include ritual and ceremony, reminding ourselves throughout the day of the sacredness of this life.
In fact, if we look closely, we will see that our days are already made up of rituals, from the time we wake up to the time we retire. So we do not need to change anything except our perspective to imbue our day with an air of ceremony.
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阅读A:
Directions:
Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
In the years after World War II, Americans typically assumed the full responsibilities of adulthood by their late teens or early 20s. Most young men had (21 )__ school and were working full-
time, and most young women were (22)__ and raising children. People who grew (23) __in this era of growing affluence were economically serf-sufficient and able to take care of others by the time they had weathered adolescence. Today, adulthood no longer (24) __ when adolescence ends.
Social scientists are beginning to recognize a new phase of life: early adulthood. Some features of this stage resemble coming of age (25) __ the late 19th and early 20th centuries,(26)__ youth fingered in a state of semi-autonomy, waiting (27)__ they were sufficiently well-off to marry, have children and establish an independent (28) __ However, there are important differences (29)__ how young people today define and achieve adulthood from those of both the recent and the more distant past.
This new stage is not merely an extension of adolescence, (30) __ has been maintained in the mass media. Young adults are physically mature and often (31) __ impressive intellectual,
social and psychological skills. Nor are young people today reluctant to accept adult responsibilities. Instead, they are busy (32) __ up their educational credentials and practical skills in an ever more demanding labor market. Yet, many have not become fully adult, (33) __ they are not ready, or perhaps not permitted, to do (34) __ . For a growing number, this will not happen until their late 20s or even early 30s. In (35) __, American society will have to revise upward the “normal” age of full adulthood, and develop ways to assist young people through the ever-lengthening transition.
阅读B:
Directions:
Read the following three texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
In the last 30 years, science and technology have had a truly dramatic impact on sports. There are three major reasons for this. First, new artificial materials have appeared and been used in
many sports--sometimes to revolutionary effect. Second, our design expertise has improved, partly through the development of computers and other technical tools. We know more and can plan and predict more accurately in many critical areas. The third reason why science and technology have had an increasing impact is that there is now the money and the motivation for them to do so. In a variety of ways, sport has become very big business, and in the matter of winning or losing, very large amounts of money may be at stake.
Technology has influenced specific sports in many ways. Wherever a commercial mass market is involved, technical change may be promoted largely for the sake of change, to make this season"s product seem different from that of last season. An example of this trend is in the endless search for the perfect sports shoe. Anatomically precise support for the heel and ankle, air sacs for extra spring and comfort each year bring apparent new refinements. Even in retirement, basketball"s Michael Jordan remains one of sport"s biggest earners because of the deal he signed endorsing the Air Jordan shoe; and one of the richest sportspeople of all, though his winnings these days are minimal, is the veteran golfer Arnold Palmer, thanks to his endorsements of the latest in golf technology.
More significant still in modem sports have been more general effects of technological advance. It has provided the means for timing athletes to thousandths of a second--and the means of replaying an event to check who won or to see if a break-rule occurred. It has put sport on television, so millions can watch without moving from their own homes. It has provided the means for testing for illegal drugs. It has also, for better or worse, given sportsmen and women a new attitude towards their own bodies encouraged also by the high stakes, the sponsorship and the fevered media attention. Technology helps them plan the best diet and exercise regimes; it has created heart and lung monitors that measure stress and oxygen intake; and it allows athletes to keep a constant check on their own physical problems and progress. In terms of nutrition (fuel) and training (maintenance), the modem sportsperson is treated--and treats himself or herself--like a machine.
36. According to the author, sport has become very big business in the sense that
A it needs high-tech materials.
B it requires business management.
C it involves the wide use of computers.
D it seems a matter of big money.
37. The example of sports shoes suggests that the technological advances in modem sports are
A encouraged by commercial interests.
B supported by famous sportspeople.
C attributed to basketball performance.
D subjected to computer technology.
38. The text suggests that some of the rich sportsmen
A cooperate with companies to develop high-tech sports products.
B are interested in promoting the development of science and technology.
C are selfishly earning money by promoting new sports products.
D play a positive role in promoting high-tech sports products.
39. By saying “the modern sportsperson is...like a machine”, the author emphasizes the sense of
A rigidity. B inhumanity. C preciseness.
D automation.
40. The statement that best summarizes the text is
A sportspeople seek high-tech products for better performance.
B science and technology have played a significant role in sports.
C science and technology have helped improve the sports environment.
D some sportspeople have benefited financially from new technology.
Text 2
Most of us Americans have a vague, uneasy sense of wicked wastefulness. We throw out the never-opened pack of food that"s past its sell-by date before answering a call on the fourth mobile phone we have had in five years. We gaze around our living space groaning at the sheer quantity of little-used clothing, blocking it up like a blood clot in an arterial vein.
Our despair is genuine at the way we are running out of the earth"s resources and at the fact that we have so much when two-thirds of the world"s population only just get enough to eat and drink. Yet we feel completely powerless to do anything about it, too busy, irritable and tired to focus on practical steps.
For the problem goes even deeper than material wastefulness: We know we are wasting our time, our being, our lives. We have compromised in our choice of career, lovers, friends ; we put on a face to meet the faces that we meet. Trapped in marketing characters, not only in our office politics but in our intimate relationships, too, we play too many games.
Deep down, we know that it"s time to "get a life", to stop being distracted by pointless consumerism, unreal relationships, and "Affluenza-infected" career ambitions.
The first step to salvation is to understand how much it is not your fault. If you read Vance Packard"s 1958 book about the advertising industry, The Hidden Persuaders, it proves that long ago retailers were devising ways to deliberately deceive us into confusing mixed wants with true needs in order to keep the consumption bandwagon rolling. In recent years, manufacturers have intention- ally speeded up the rate at which electronic goods become obsolescent and instead of the proper re- pair customer services that used to exist, there are merely expensive help-lines, When your toaster or printer or MP3 music device breaks down after only a year, it is no accident that there is no one who will repair them--" it"d cost more than buying a new one, love".
So this is a selfish capitalist system which is designed to maximize profits through rapid turn- over of "newer, better" goods that break down sooner and are designed to be irreparable. It"s not your fault !
What you can do is withdraw as much as possible from the consumption game. Every time you are about to buy something ask yourself, "do I need this, or do I just want it."?"
41. Most Americans, according to the author, feel uneasy about
A depending too much on modern technology.
B failing to solve problems in their lives.
C having too little living space.
D wasting too many resources.
42. By saying "we play too many games", the author wants to show
A we are wasting our lives.
B we make too many mistakes.
C we do not take our life seriously.
D I we are too busy enjoying ourselves.
43. To make ourselves feel better, we should first
A figure out whom to blame for our excessive consumption.
B avoid making unnecessary purchases in our daily life.
C pick out misleading messages in the advertisement.
D exercise caution when making a big purchase.
44. We learn from Paragraph 5 that
A the quality of goods is getting worse recently.
B customers are more often misled nowadays.
C we are deceived into making a purchase.
D advertisers have become very clever.
45. The author advises us to buy
A more than we need. B only what we want.
C more than we want. D only what we need.
Text 3
Susan Baroness Greenfield is a British institution. In a country that perceives its scientists as white-coated eccentrics, and probably male, Lady Greenfield is fashionable, extravagant, and female. At least, that is the image she has sought to project as a populariser of science. She is accused, though, of bringing another British institution, the Royal Institution (RI), to the verge of bankruptcy. The RI, of which she was director from 1998 until last Friday (January 8th), has made her job redundant. She says she plans to respond with a suit for sexual discrimination.
Lady Greenfield, a neuroscientist at Oxford University, was recruited to shake up the two century old institution because she had made a name for herself, particularly on television, as one of the popular faces of science. The RI is, in part, a members" club famous for its Christmas lectures "adapted to a juvenile audience", which are broadcast on television every year, and its Friday evening discourses (black ties, please, gentlemen), in which prominent scientists chat about their work for precisely an hour--no more and no less--before everyone is served tea and chocolate cake. But it is also a serious research laboratory (one of the longest-established in the world), looking into things like the medical applications of nanotechnology.
Lady Greenfield"s offence, if offence it be, was to modernize the RI"s headquarters in May- fair, one of the most stylish parts of London, without proper cost control. The redecoration included a high-class bar and restaurant that are open to the general public. Sadly, these opened for business in October 2008--the least favorable moment imaginable for such a venture.
The redecoration, which cost ——22m, much of which was raised by selling the institution"s shares of property, has left the RI —— 3m in debt, and the trustees have decided that one way to cut costs is to cut the job of director. Lady Greenfield, the first female director in a line that stretches back through Michael Faraday to Humphry Davy, seems to suspect that financial considerations were not the only ones when this decision was made.
Instead of a director, the RI is to be led by a newly-invented chief executive officer, in the person of Chris Rofe. Mr. Rofe, who was appointed in April 2009, has a degree in business administration, not science. Given the debt, though, perhaps an alchemist, a person who devotes himself to turning ordinary metals into gold, would be the most appropriate person for the job.
46. By saying Lady Greenfield is "a British institution", the author means
A she is well-known in Britain.
B she owns a British association.
C she is suing a British institution.
D she is accused by a British institution.
47. Which of the following is true of the RI?
A It provides one-hour-long club activities for famous scientists.
B It offers special annual Christmas lectures for young people.
C It enjoys a long history of scientific research in medicine.
D It makes a name for popularizing science on television.
48. Lady Greenfield was blamed for
A misunderstanding the significance of the RI"s modernization.
B misjudging the RI"s business opportunities in London.
C mismanaging the costs for the RI"s redecoration.
D mistiming the opening of the redecorated RI.
49. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that
A the RI has sold all its property for redecoration.
B the redecoration has undermined the RI"s reputation.
C the RI fired Lady Greenfield to cut redecoration costs.
D Lady Greenfield thought her dismissal unfair.
50. How does the author feel about the prospects of the RI"s getting out of financial trouble?
A Confident. B Suspicious. C Optimistic. D Cautious.
阅读C:
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed, For Questions 51 -55, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not .fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
The Internet and mobile phones have transformed our connections to people around the world. This technology has also, however, led to a widening gender gap in poorer countries. For it is largely men who control the information revolution that helps to educate, inform and empower.
In low- and middle-income countries, a woman is 21 percent less likely than a man to own a mobile phone, according to research done by GSMA. In Africa, women are 23 percent less likely than a man to own a cell phone. In the Middle East the figure is 21 percent and in South Asia, 37 percent.
The factors driving women"s lack of connectivity vary from community to community. But the end result is always the same: disempowerment. (51) __
This disturbing finding is highlighted by the United Nations/Overseas Development Institute- led MY World survey, a major, inclusive global poll. Respondents were asked to rank their priori- ties--including political freedoms, better healthcare, protection from violence and crime--in making the world better. They could vote paper, online or by mobile phone. (52) __
The survey has already gathered 1.5 million votes. Women are just as keen as men to have their views heard engagement offline is a 50-50 split between women and men, online women have voted more than men, with a 5248 split.
(53) __ Consider Yemen, where 121,000 people voted on their mobile phones. Of those, 81,000 were men.
Overall, women respondents picked education, healthcare and better job opportunities as their top priorities in making the world better. (54) __
Getting more mobile phones into the hands of women in low- and middle-income countries will not be easy because the reasons behind their lack of ownership are so varied. But there are some solutions.
In these countries there are typically three key barriers: Mobile phones are too expensive, the monthly bills are too high or there is no urgent need to own one. Governments should help lower these barriers. They should set up transparent regulatory systems that would encourage more mobile phone providers to enter the market. More competition means lower prices and more affordable plans.
(55) __ Governments should also subsidize computer and smartphone ownership for low-income people.
A A mobile phone can bring benefits to women, and many of these we in the West take for granted: personal safety, reliable connection to friends and family and access to commerce and job opportunities.
B Most important for a world dominated by Facebk and Twitt and e-polls, a mobile phone gives women a voice.
C But mobile voting has told a different story. The difference in response rates between the sexes is obvious. Of the roughly 380,000 respondents who took the survey via mobile, only 25 percent were women.
D But if you saw only the mobile vote, their views would have been diluted because men dominated. If women owned mobile phones in equal numbers, their access to education, healthcare and better jobs would indeed be improved.
E Women are not just missing out on educational and economic opportunities because they don"t own mobile phones. They are losing a voice.
F The results will help world leaders as they deliberate on the post-2015 global development agenda this week, during the conference of the U. N. Commission on the Status of Women.
G In addition, governments should ensure that women have access to microfinance plans to help purchase phones. They should strive to make equal access to mobile connectivity part of their development plans.
阅读D:
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your translation clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
We have known the elephants, the greatest land mammal of them all--highly sensitive, intelligent, family-oriented, big-toothed creatures--for a very long time, and they have known us. It has been a tortuous relationship, and one that is still evolving. (56) We have looked up to elephants as gods, but killed them for their ivory, and captured and enslaved them to be our beasts of burden in work and war, and for our entertainment.
Earlier this month, Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus announced that it had decided to phase elephants out of its public spectacles, retiring its remaining forty-three working elephants to a park it owns in Florida, where twenty-nine elephants already live. (57) The decision follows years of pressure from animal-rights groups, and is part of a trend that has been gathering strength for years. Most other circuses in the United States and Western Europe have stopped using the animals because the routine use of prods, cages, and chains, both to transport elephants and to force their obedience, has come to be seen by growing numbers of people, including circus goers,
as cruel.
The Ringling news is striking. (58) In our gradual awakening to the idea that we must protect the elephant from enslavement and cruelty, it may be possible to hear echoes of other dawnings of conscience. As someone born at a time of widespread consensus that human slavery was one of history"s most despicable and shameful practices, (59) I"ve always been intrigued by the realization that, during the life of my great-great-grandfather, there were a significant number of otherwise intelligent and sensitive white Americans and Europeans who apparently did not see it that
way.
And then I recall the excitement that I felt at going to the circus as a child. There were at least flashes of discomfort when I watched as trainers used prods to make elephants hold each other"s tails with their trunks and sway back and forth to music, or shouted commands for them to kneel, to put their bottoms in the air. But, in the end, (60) the spectacle, the noisy excitement of the crowds, and the presence of grownups all signaled an acceptance of things as they were, and one"s awareness of the elephants" humiliation became somehow less acute. As an adult, it has been easier to perceive the treatment of circus elephants for what it is: cruel.
参考答案：
21.completed/finished
【精析】本题考查句意推断。由上下文以及人生成长阶段的常识可知，此句要表达的意思是大多数年轻男性在二十岁左右已经完成学业，开始工作了，故填completed/finished均可。
22.married
【精析】本题考查句意推断。由后文的raising children可知，此句要表达的是多数年轻女性已结婚生子，故填married。
23.up
【精析】本题考查动词词组的搭配及用法。根据句意不难理解，此句的主语是在这个黄金发展时代成长起来的人们，grow up意为“成长，长大”，故填up。
24.begins/tarts/commences l
【精析】本题考查前后文的结构对照。句中将“成年期”与“青年期”对照，后半句说的是青年期的结束，由推测可知，前半句应为成年期的开始。整句表达的是，成年期并不随着青春期的结束而开始，故填 begins/starts/commences均可。
25.in
【精析】本题考查介词的用法。在十九世纪末二十世纪初，用介词 in，故填in。 l
26.when
【精析】本题考查关系副词的用法。此句为when引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面表示时间的先行词“十九世纪末二十世纪初”，故：填when。 I
27.until/till I
【精析】本题考查句意推断及连词的用法。由上下文得知，此句表达 的是年轻人要等到足够富有了才结婚生子，故填until/till均可。
28.family/household/home
【精析】本题考查句意推断。由上下文可推断，此处要表达的意思是建立一个独立的家庭，故填family/household/home均可。
29.in {
【精析】本题考查句意理解及介词的用法。此句要表达的是如今的 青年人在定义与实现成年期问题上与过去的人有很大不同。表达“在…方面”应用介词in，故填in。
30.which
【精析】本题考查非限制性定语从句。前面主句中的“an extension of adolescence”为先行词。此句意为“这个新阶段并不像大众媒体所坚持认为的那样是青少年时期的延伸”，故填which。
31.have/own/possess
【精析】本题考查句意理解及句型结构。此句由and连接两个并列谓语，意为“年轻的成年人生理发育成熟，常常拥有惊人的智慧、社交技能和心理承受技能”，故填have/own/possess均可。 I 32.building/strengthening
【精析】本题考查动词短语的搭配及用法。整句句意为“年轻人忙于加强他们的教育背景，提升实践技能”。building/strengthening意为 “建立，增进，加强”，又因为be busy(in)doin9的固定搭配，故填
building/strengthening均可。
33.because/for/since
【精析】本题考查逻辑关系。此句意为“很多年轻人还没有完全成年是因为他们还没有准备好”，故填because/for/since均可。 I
34.so/this
【精析】本题考查句意理解。很多年轻人没有完全成年因为他们还没有准备好这样做。so/this指代前面的“become fully adult”，故填so /this均可。
35.fact/reality
【精析】本题考查介词短语：in fact/in reality“事实上，实际上”，故填 fact/reality 均可。
Text 1
36.D 37.A 38.D 39.C 40.B
Text 2
41.D 42.A 43.A 44.B 45·D
Text 3
46 A 47·B 48.C 49. D 50.B
51.E 52.F 53.C 54.D 55.G
56·我们一方面崇敬大象，将它们视为神，另一方面却杀害它们，夺取象牙，捕获并奴役它们，将它们变成替我们干活和打仗的牲畜，还要供我们娱乐。
57·这项决定是动物权益组织多年来施压的结果，也反映了近年来力量渐盛的一种趋势。
58·在我们逐渐觉醒，认识到必须保护大象，使它们免于奴役和虐待的时候，或许我们也能听到源于良心的其他叩问。
59·我一直对一个问题感到很好奇，那就是，我发觉，在我高曾祖父生活的时代，为数众多的美国白人和欧洲白人聪慧而又善解人意，却唯独在这件事情上明显不这样认为。
60_整个场面、拥挤人群发出的欢呼以及在场成年人的表现都说明，人们认可事情这样的存在方式，不知怎么，他们对于大象所受到的耻辱没有那么敏感了。
英语四级阅读题占分比重很大,那么我们应该怎么提高英语四级阅读技巧呢,俗话说的好熟能生巧,英语四级阅读一定要多多做题!以下是小编为大家搜索整理的2017年大学英语四级仔细阅读真题及答案，希望能给大家带来帮助，更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
As a person who writes about food and drink for a living. I couldn’t tell you the first thing about Bill Perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. But I can tell you that I like this guy. That’s because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage.
I hate tipping.
I hate it because it’s an obligation disguised as an option. I hate it for the post-dinner math it requires of me. But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe I would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every other industry.
Most of you probably think that you hate tipping, too. Research suggests otherwise. You actually love tipping! You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes. No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a better value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.
One argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough: the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you. Well, if this were true, we would all be slipping a few 100-dollar bills to our doctors on the way out their doors, too. But as it turns out, waiters see only a tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are, are catching on to this; in one poll, a full 30% said they didn’t believe the job they did had any impact on the tips they received.
So come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. Pay a little more upfront for your beer or burger. Support Bill Perry’s pub, and any other bar or restaurant that doesn’t ask you to do drunken math.
46. What can we learn about Bill Perry from the passage?
A) He runs a pub that serves excellent beer.
B) He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.
C) He gives his staff a considerable sum for tips.
D) He lives comfortably without getting any tips.
47. What is the main reason why the author hates tipping?
A) It sets a bad example for other industries.
B) It adds to the burden of ordinary customers.
C) It forces the customer to compensate the waiter.
D) It poses a great challenge for customers to do math.
48. Why do many people love tipping according to the author?
A) They help improve the quality of the restaurants they dine in.
B) They believe waiters deserve such rewards for good service.
C) They want to preserve a wonderful tradition of the industry.
D) They can have some say in how much their servers earn.
49. What have some waiters come to realize according to a survey?
A) Service quality has little effect on tip size.
B) It is in human mature to try to save on tips.
C) Tips make it more difficult to please customers.
D) Tips benefit the boss rather that the employees.
50. What does the author argue for in the passage?
A) Restaurants should calculate the tips for customers.
B) Customers should pay more tips to help improve service.
C) Waiters deserve better than just relying on tips for a living.
D) Waiters should be paid by employers instead of customers.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
In the past, falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy, but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down, even as oil prices sink lower and lower. Does that mean the link between lower oil prices and growth has weakened?
Some experts say there are still good reasons to believe cheap oil should heat up the world economy. Consumers have more money in their pockets when they’re paying less at the pump. They spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy.
The biggest gains go to countries that import most of their oil like China, Japan, and India, But doesn’t the extra money in the pockets of those countries’ consumers mean an equal loss in oil producing countries, cancelling out the gains? Not necessarily, says economic researcher Sara Johnson. “Many oil producers built up huge reserve funds when prices were high, so when prices fall they will draw on their reserves to support government spending and subsidies(补贴) for their consumers.”
But not all oil producers have big reserves, In Venezuela, collapsing oil prices have sent its economy into free-fall.
Economist Carl Weinberg believes the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming the positive effects of cheaper oil. The implication is a sharp decline in global trade, which has plunged partly because oil-producing nations can’t afford to import as much as they used to.
Sara Johnson acknowledges that the global economic benefit from a fall in oil prices today is likely lower than it was in the past. One reason is that more countries are big oil producers now, so the nations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy.
Consumers, in the U.S. at least, are acting cautiously with the savings they’re getting at the gas pump, as the memory of the recent great recession is still fresh in their mind. And a number of oil-producing countries are trimming their gasoline subsidies and raising taxes, so the net savings for global consumers is not as big as the oil price plunge might suggest.
51. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?
A) The reasons behind the plunge of oil prices.
B) Possible ways to stimulate the global economy.
C) The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.
D) The effect of falling oil prices on consumer spending.
52. Why do some experts believe cheap oil will stimulate the global economy?
A) Manufacturers can produce consumer goods at a much lower cost.
B) Lower oil prices have always given a big boost to the global economy.
C) Oil prices may rise or fall but economic laws are not subject to change.
D) Consumers will spend their saving from cheap oil on other commodities.
53. What happens in many oil-exporting countries when oil prices go down?
A) They suspend import of necessities from overseas.
B) They reduce production drastically to boost oil prices.
C) They use their money reserves to back up consumption.
D) They try to stop their economy from going into free-fall.
54. How does Carl Weinberg view the current oil price plunge?
A) It is one that has seen no parallel in economic history.
B) Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.
C) It still has a chance to give rise to a boom in the global economy.
D) Its effects on the global economy go against existing economic laws.
55. Why haven’t falling oil prices boosted the global economy as they did before?
A) People are not spending all the money they save on gas.
B) The global economy is likely to undergo another recession.
C) Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.
D) People the world over are afraid of a further plunge in oil prices.
46. [B] He intends to get rid of the tipping practice.
47. [C] It forces the customer to compensate the waiter.
48. [D] They can have some say in how much their servers earn.
49. [A] Services quality has little effect on tip size.
50. [D] Waiters should be paid by employers instead of customers.
【答案解析】
46.根据题目中的Bill Perry这个专有名词，我们可以定位到文中的第一段话。在But后面有提到“我能告诉你我喜欢这个小伙子。因为他打算禁止付小费这种情况，而赞成给服务员实际的工资”。B选项和这句话的含义接近，get rid of意为“摆脱”，和ban“禁止”含义相近;plan to和intend to含义一样。所以正确答案为B.
47.根据题干中的关键词the author hates tipping和main reason可以返回原文，定位到第三段。文中说“我讨厌它，因为它将义务伪装成一种选择。”既然是义务，那必然是强迫顾客去做的事情，这和C选项的含义较为接近。
48.根据关键词many people love tipping返回原文，我们可以定位至第四段。根据文中第二行的You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money your server makes.可知，这题应该选择D选项。
49.文中问的是调查中一些服务员的观点，这在第五段的最后一句话中有所体现，文中说：一些服务员不认为他们的工作会受到收到的消费的影响。
50.本题问作者的观点，切记文中无人认领的观点便是作者的观点。在第六段的末尾有提到说，作者支持Bill Perry的观点，而Bill的观点就和D选项是近义表达。
参考答案：
51. [C] The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.
52. [D] Consumers will spend their savings from cheap oil on other commodities.
53. [C] They use their money reserves to back up consumption.
54. [B] Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.
55. [C] Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.
答案解析：
51. [C] The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.
解析：本题是主旨题，原文第一段表示“过去油价下降总是刺激世界经济增长，但是即使现在油价下降越来越多，最新对经济增长的预测却不容乐观，这意味着更低的油价和增长之间的关系削弱了吗?”这第一段点明了主题，后面的段落都是在讨论油价下降为什么以前可以刺激经济增长，而现在却不再能刺激经济增长了。可以看出是C是正确答案。
52. [D] Consumers will spend their savings from cheap oil on other commodities.
解析：根据原文第二段 “some experts say there are still good reasons to ... They spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy”，可以看出是D正确选项。
53. [C] They use their money reserves to back up consumption.
解析：根据原文第三段中“draw on their reserves to support government spending and subsidies for their consumers”，可以看出C是正确选项。
54. [B] Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.
解析：根据原文第五段中“the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming the positive effects of cheaper oil”可以看出B是正确选项。
55. [C] Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.
解析：根据原文第六段中“so the nations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy”，可以看出是C正确选项。
Part Ⅲ Reading Section C(卷二)
Passage One
"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote, "are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation."
Two and a half centuries on, most countries impose some sort of tax on alcohol and tobacco. With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.
Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. A preliminary review of Mexico"s taxation found a fall in purchases of taxed drinks as well as a rise in sales if untaxed and healthier drinks. By contrast, a Danish tax on foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.
The food industry has, in general, been firmly opposed to such direct government action. Nonetheless, the renewed focus on waistlines means that industry groups are under pressure to demonstrate their products are healthy as well as tasty.
Over the past three decades, the industry has made some efforts to improve the quality of its offerings. For example, some drink manufactures have cut the amount of sugar in their beverages.
Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. More recently, however.
Some companies have been investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell. For example, having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste.
While reformulating recipes(配方)is one way to improve public health, it should be part of a multi-sided approach. The key is to remember that
there is not just one solution. To deal with obesity, a mixture of approaches-including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes-will be needed. There is no silver bullet.
46.What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco.
A.They were profitable to manufacture.
B.They were in ever-increasing demand.
C.They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.
D.They were no longer considered necessities of life.
【答案】C
47.Why have many countries started to consider taxing sugar?
A.They are under growing pressures to balance their national budgets.
B.They find it ever harder to cope with sugar-induced health problems.
C.They practice of taxing alcohol and tobacco has proved both popular and profitable.
D.The sugar industry is overtaking alcohol and tobacco business in generating profits.
【答案】B
48.What do we learn about Danish taxation on fat-rich foods?
A.It did not work out as well as was expected.
B.It gave rise to a lot of problems on the border.
C.It could not succeed without German cooperation.
D.It met with firm opposition from the food industry.
【答案】A
49.What is the more recent effort by food companies to make foods and drinks both healthy and tasty?
A.Replacing sugar or salt with alternative ingredients.
B.Setting a limit on the amount of sugar or salt in their products.
C.Investing in research to find ways to adapt to consumers" needs.
D.Adjusting the physical composition of their products.
【答案】D
50.What does the author mean by saying, at the end of the passage, "There is no silver bullet"(Line 4, Para 7)?
A.There is no single easy quick solution to the problem.
B.There is no hope of success without public cooperation.
C.There is on hurry in finding ways to solve the obesity problem.
D.There is no effective way to reduce people"s sugar consumption.
【答案】A
Passage Two
You may have heard some of the fashion industry horror stories: models eating tissues or cotton balls to hold off hunger, and models collapsing from hunger-induced heart attacks just seconds after they step off the runway.
Excessively skinny models have been a point of controversy for decades, and two researchers say a model"s body mass should be a workspace health and safety issue. In an editorial released Monday in the American Journal of Public Health, Katherine Record and Bryn Austin made their case for government regulation of the fashion industry.
The average international runway model has a body mass index (BMI) under 16-low enough to indicate starvation by the World Health Organization"s standard. And Record and Austin are worried not just about the models themselves, but about the vast number of girls and women their images influence.
"Especially girls and tens", says Record. "Seventy percent of girls aged 10 to 18 report that they define perfect body image based on what they see in magazines." That"s especially worrying, she says, given that anorexia(厌食症)results in more deaths than does any other mental illness, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.
It"s commonly known that certain diseases are linked with occupations like lung disease in coal miners. Professional fashion models are particularly vulnerable to eating disorders resulting from occupational demands to maintain extreme thinness.
Record"s suggestion is to prohibit agents from hiring models with a BMI below 18.
In April, France passed a law setting lower limits for a model"s weight. Agents and fashion houses who hire models with BMI under 18 could pay $82,000 in fines and spend up to 6 months in jail. Regulating the fashion industry in the United States won"t be easy, Record says. But with the new rules in France, U.S. support could make a difference. "A designer can"t survive without participating in Paris Fashion Week", she says, adding, "Our argument is that the same would be true of New York Fashion Week."
51.What do Record and Austin say about fashion models" body mass?
A.It has caused needless controversy.
B.It is focus of the modeling business.
C.It is but a matter of personal taste.
D.It affects models" health and safety.
【答案】D
52.What are Record and Austin advocating in the Monday editorial?
A.A change in the public"s view of female beauty.
B.Government legislation about models" weight.
C.Elimination of forced weight loss by models.
D.Prohibition of models eating non-food stuff.
【答案】B
53.Why are Record and Austin worried about the low body mass index of models?
A.It contributes to many mental illnesses.
B.It defines the future of the fashion industry.
C.It has great influence on numerous girls and women.
D.It keeps many otherwise qualified women off the runaway.
【答案】C
54. What do we learn about France"s fashion industry?
A.It has difficulty hiring models.
B.It has now a new law to follow.
C.It allows girls under 18 on the runway.
D.It has overtaken that of the United States.
【答案】B
55. What does Record expect of New York Fashion Week?
A.It will create a completely new set of rules.
B.It will do better than Paris Fashion Week.
C.It will differ from Paris Fashion Week.
D.It will have models with a higher BMI.
【答案】D