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导语：鹿是一种动物，其特征是生有实心的分叉的角，下面YJBYS小编分享一篇关于鹿和能量循环的英语课文，欢迎参考!
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Is there anything we can learn from deer? During the "energy crisis" of 1973-1974 the writer of this essay was living in northern Minnesota and was able to observe how deer survive when winter arrives. The lessons he learns about he way deer conserve energy turn out applicable to our everyday life.
DEER AND THE ENERGY CYCLE
Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isn"t love; it"s money. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends.
It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard times in winter when food is scarce. But it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer.
A good case in point is the whiter-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body"s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. The best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process — it requires a lot of food. The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources.
As the summer progresses and the fawns grow, they become less dependent on their mother"s milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter. In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing, and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males. Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.
As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted coat. Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when the weather becomes cold.
But in addition, nature provides a further safeguard to help deer survive the winter—an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy. The deer become somewhat slow and drowsy. The heart rate drops. Animals that hibernate practice energy conservation to a greater extreme than deer do. Although deer don"t hibernate, they do the same thing with their seasonal rhythms in metabolism. Deer spend more energy and store fat in the summer and fall when food is abundant, and spend less energy and use stored fat in the winter when food is less available.
When the "energy crisis" first came in 1973-1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted. It was interesting and rather amusing to listen to the advice given on the radio: " Drive only when necessary," we were told. "Put on more clothes to stay warm, and turn the thermostat on your furnace down." Meanwhile we watched the deer reduce their activity, grow a winter coat of hair, and reduce their metabolism as they have for thousands of years. It is biologically reasonable for deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chance of surviving in winter.
Not every winter is critical for deer of course. If the winter has light snow, survival and productivity next spring will be high. But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for several weeks, then the deer must spend more energy to move about, food will be harder to find, and they must then depend more on their fat reserves to pull them through. If such conditions go on for too long some will die, and only the largest and strongest are likely to survive. That is a fundamental rule of life for wild, free wandering animal such as deer.
Yes, life—and death, too -- is a cycle that goes round and round, and when animals die their bodies become food for other life forms to use by converting them into energy.
And the cycle continues.
New Words
Deer
n. (sing. or pl.)鹿
romantic
a. belonging to or suggesting romance; fanciful not practical 浪漫的;幻想的
turn
n. a natural tendency; inclination(天生)倾向
currency
n. money that is actually in use in a country 通货，货币
ecological
a. of or concerning interrelationship of organisms and their environment 生态的
ecology
n. 生态学
convert
vt. change (from one form, use, etc. into another); cause (a person) to change his beliefs, etc. 使转变;使改变信仰(等)
excess
n. the part that is more than enough; the condition of exceeding what is usual or necessary 过量;过度
reserve
n. sth. that is being or has been stored for later use 储备(物)
scarce a. not available in sufficient quantity 缺乏的
wildlife
n. animals and plants which live and grow wild
nutritious
a. full grown and developed 成熟的;成年的
female
a. of the sex that gives birth to young 女(性)的;雌的
n. a female person, animal or plant
conceive
vt. become pregnant with (young); form (an idea, plan, etc.) in the mind 怀(胎);构思
fawn
n. a young deer less than a year old
timing
n. selection for maximum effect of the precise moment for beginning or doing sth. 时机的选择
consume
vt. eat or drink; use; use up 消耗;消费
region
n. a place, space or area; a part of the body 地区;(身体的)部位
ample
a. plentiful 充裕的
resource
n. (pl.) possessions (esp. of a country). in the form of wealth and goods, that help one to do what one wants 资源
dependent
a. relying (on another) for support
male
a. of the sex that does not give birth to young 男(性)的;雄的
n. a male person, animal or plant
antler
n. the solid, bony horn of a male deer 鹿角，茸角
deposit
vt. put or store for safe keeping; (esp. of a liquid, a river) leave lying (a layer of matter)存放;使沉积
doe
n. a fully-grown female deer
expend
vt. spend or use up 花费;耗尽
accumulate
v. make or become greater in number or quantity; collect or gather 积累;积聚
account
n. a sum of money kept in a bank which may be added to or taken from 帐户;存款
spotted
a. marked with spots
depth
n. the state or degree of being deep 深;深度，厚度
safeguard
n. a means of protection against sth. unwanted 预防措施
internal
a. of or in the inside, esp. of the body 内部的;体内的
physiological
a. 生理的;生理学的
metabolism
n. 新陈代谢
hence
ad. therefore 因此，所以
expenditure
n. expending or using up; the amount of money, time, etc. expended 花费;用光;支出额，费用
somewhat
ad. by some degree or amount; a little 有点，稍微
drowsy
a. sleepy or half sleepy; making one sleepy 困倦的;催眠的
hibernate
vi. (of some animals) pass the whole of the winter in a state like sleep 冬眠
extreme
n. either end of anything; highest degree 极端
seasonal
a. depending on the season; changing with the seasons 季节性的
rhythm
n. 节奏
abundant
a. more than enough 充足的;丰富的
cabin
n. a small roughly built, usu. wooden house 小木屋;茅舍
melt
v. cause (a solid) to become liquid; (of a solid ) become liquid (使)融化;(使)熔化
amusing
a. funny 逗人笑的;引起乐趣的
amuse
vt. cause to laugh or smile
thermostat
n. an automatic device for regulating temperature 恒温器
biologically
ad. 生物学上
biological a.
survival
n. the fact or likelihood of surviving 幸存
productivity
n. the ability or capacity to produce, productiveness 生产力;生产率;多产
fundamental
a. basic; most important
Phrases & Expressions
go round
function smoothly
in the form of
以…形式
in point
appropriate; pertinent 适用的;相关的
in (good) condition
in good health, physically fit
give birth (to)
bear; (fig.) produce 生(孩)子，产(仔);产生，引起
draw on
take or use as a source 利用;动用
slow down
(cause to ) go more slowly than usual; (cause to ) live, work, etc. in a less active and intense way (使)慢下来;(使)放松
turn down
reduce the force, speed, loudness, etc. of (sth.) by using controls 减弱;关小，调低
move about
travel around; go from one place to another
pull through
help (sb.) to survive a period of danger or crisis 使渡过危险或危机
Proper Name
Minnesota
明尼苏达(美国州名)
改革后的大学英语六级的成绩总分为710分，其中阅读理解的分数组成相信很多人都不清楚。为此百分网小编为大家带来全国大学英语六级阅读理解部分的分数组成。
大学英语六级阅读理解的分数组成
分值占整套试卷的35% 满分248.5分 考试时间：40分钟
说明：
1、选词填空 5%
2、长篇阅读 10%
3、仔细阅读 20%
大学英语六级阅读理解的做题妙招
妙招之一，我们要扫读全文，确定文章的大概结构。
如何扫读全文呢重点去读文章的第一段，如果各部分有小标题，还要读一下各部分的小标题，如果无小标题，则扫读每段的首句，这样做的目的就是为了把握文章的大意和总体结构，同时也能快速的得出后面主旨题的答案。
妙招之二，要将考查题目与原文相对应。
六级考试与考研英语一样，在题目的设置上呈现出出题顺序与行文顺序一致的规律。最后一题的答案定位信息点一般不可能在第一段或前面几段出现。所以我们按顺序把每一道题目题干中的定位词先划出来，再按段落顺序依次去定位。
那么，何为定位词呢?通常分为两类：第一类是表时间、数字及首字母大写的人名地名等专有名词;第二类是比较长，比较复杂的名词;这里切记，不能用表达中心思想的主题词去定位，因为文章通篇讲的都是它。由于问题顺序和文章行文顺序一致，所以先做第一小题，然后做第二小题，看一道，做一道。千万不要把文章全部看完后再做题，或者全部题目看完后再读文章。
在将题目和文章比对的同时，要善于学会精读重点信息。比如，文中举例处，引语及多个名词并列而不是完整句子的内容，均可略读。此外，要多关注文中的逻辑关系词，对于这些词的把握，有助于我们精确把握重要信息。通常要注意下面三种逻辑关系：
(1)并列、递进关系：and，or，besides，furthermore，what’s more，then，in addition，moreover，in other words;
(2)因果关系：as a result of，on account of ，as a result ，thanks to，therefore，hence，consequently，because，for，due to，owing to;
(3)转折关系：whereas，however，but，nevertheless，yet，in fact;
最后，要学会运用特殊的标点符号，比如冒号，破折号，小括号。这些标点符号的出现就是对前面的内容作进一步的说明。所以，在阅读文章时，可以跳读这些标点符号后面的信息，从而帮助我们节省更多宝贵的时间并且更加快速地把握文章的主旨。
妙招之三，精炼原文，学会概括。
快速阅读除了选择题之外，还会有两到三个填空题。对于填空题，我们所要做的是首先确定所缺内容是句子的什么成分，然后根据具体定位信息回到原文去确定所缺内容。要学会去照抄原文或者对原文内容进行概括总结，以确保所填内容信息的完整性和准确性。
英语六级考试阅读提分技巧
1、扩充词汇量
虽然六级词汇(特别是里面的生词)可以在文章中能够利用技巧猜出，但强烈建议考生仍不能忽视平时词汇量的积累。因为非要把平时可以搞定的单词当成生词去考场浪费时间精力来猜测处理是非常得不偿失的办法。当然，单纯背单词书效果比较差，尤其对那些恒心、毅力不强的考生，所以这里推荐一个适合提高阅读部分单词识记数量的小方法：考生可以每天定量反复扫读六级大纲内的词汇(大量多次)，同时进行六级阅读真题的训练或者找一些与六级阅读文章难度相当的文章进行单词回顾演练，这样经过两至三个月的时间，至少可以保证考生对大部分的高频单词进行了多次的“会面”，混了眼熟，也就达到了考纲要求的对于含义理解的层次要求了，当然，这需要一个不断循环往复的扫读-阅读过程。
2、学会对六级不同考试题目的理解
不同的题目的指向是不同的，同时对考生的思维方向的要求是不同的。比如，考文章大意的题目实际上是考大家的归纳推理能力，而考细节的题目更多的是考察同学的英语阅读能力。有的题目只需在原文中找到相关定位即可，有的题目则要求我们对全文或者某一段落的内容全面掌握。我建议大家平时复习时可以自己去归纳总结或体会不同题目的不同做法。当然，现在的培训机构会给同学们分类，大家也可以不妨试试，提高自己的复习效率。
现代大学英语精读是北京外国语大学英语系的专家们根据当代语言教学的研究成果和多年的教学经验，下面小编为大家带来现代大学英语精读1词汇，供大家参考！
1 across alongside balcony band beneficial border circus cling clown conjurer convince creator
crossroads curiosity daze exertion glance globe halt hatred hesitate introduction irritated joyfully lift misgiving nap observant opportunity overlook palm paradise perseverance physical rank revolve rivalry scold single sort spin startled stream stretch sunset surface sweetheart trace trick unclouded uniform universe vain in vain variety various vast whisper
2 approach awake banner billow chatter chew clench dusty engage exaltation ex-con existence fit fort fortify guy jail mask misty oak parole retreat ribbon scream stain stun swig tide tighten triumph unaware vanish wow yeah
3 agency bamboo Bangkok barter breeze buffalo bully condemn crab raft dusk Esarn evil exhausted fashionable fate fertile forefathers frog gardener greed hairdresser hardship heal infancy insult jeans litter lust old-fashioned monk nail pierce reap replace ripen ripple scarcity scent sheaves shimmer sickness sigh strip temple tend textile ungrateful wound
4 a series of account alternative anyway apparently authority balance belt branch office bully candy conclude damn deposit dismay exchange fortyish grocery helpless idiot interfere khakis loafers mustache neighborhood passion prep school protest rear represent ridiculous savings scared shrug slightly so-called upset wallet withdraw withdrawal
5 aid angel barometer calculate colleague competence course creative credit dash off deserve dilemma educational formula grade impartial inner instructor launch lean panic pendulum principle proportion recall referee resist select solve sophisticated Sputnik stopwatch string superintendent swing system temptation unit warn
6 atmosphere awful bulb chant cherry comic concern conscious crash criminal deal desperate dial electrical exchange fender flash gossip honey horizon hush impression intently jaw jerk kneel laughter lawn lighten likely maple menace meteor mob monster mower murmur nope obviously oddball operator optimistic outer overhead persistently plug polish porch portable precisely quietness react reaction reluctantly residential roar rooftop rub screw sense sidewalk space speechless spot stool stove stuff thunder tone tremendous typical upwards weird wet whirl
7 alternative arrange aspect cell chili construct contact cultivate decline document dump eliminate enduring eventually fertilizer flourish fulfill hallway intellectual issue manual metaphor miner mixture nourish onion patch peanut permission pursue section seedling survive tend tender tennis warder wither
8 audience auditorium backstage bother career cast chin coach cocky comedian comedy commercial concentrate congratulate curtain dramatics eagerness embarrass exaggerated flea flushed giant groan hey humor invent jockey knee newcomer nonsense peck pleading plot promote promotion puppet sensible sharply shrimp smart stiff terrific tiptoe touchy undersized vice-president volunteer
9 able-bodied adapt to adequate affect ALS bandage bump Cambridge circumstance clumsiness comfort depression disability downplay drag enable exceptional frequency frequently function humiliation incurable liquid leuk (a) emia motor nasty nerves obstruction PhD predict rare recur scene slur span spinal strength supervisor tablecloth theoretical vacation worsen worthwhile
10 acceptance ancient appreciate armful assure Brazil breakthrough casually chatter consist of dawn
on destination encounter formation genius glue identity ignorance inspect instantly leak local locate mechanic melt New England numerous occasion origin particular pat perspective pinnacle potential radiator reasonable refill reflect Rio scattered significance slender slight spout statement steep strain up tease
11 accent agent altogether apartment armchair automatic Berlin blink Boston commanding confounded
corridor devil disillusioned doorknob espionage evilly explanatory extend frustrated gesture gloomy grimly hesitate missile moodily musty mysterious passable passkey pistol risk romantic shrilly sill slip sloppy spy stammer stare stiffly swiftly thrill tray twist uncork wheeze wheezily
12 accelerator addict almighty attentive amaze backpack brake brochure Calif campground cashless
chamber of commerce chilly compassionate conquer contrary cowboy entertain executive folk gamble gang hitch hitchhiker intrigue lowa Jamestown journey kin lumber-mill lurk magnificent Montana motto murderer Nebraska New Orleans North Carolina Oregon patriotic rapist readiness renew revelation risk schedule shabby shelter skid solely stranded symbol Tenn the Atlantic the Pacific thumb tucker vehicle Wyoming
13 ah attic bar barn bathrobe beloved bless blessed brisk brooch calmly chore creaky creep dagger
extraordinary fade fool footstep fragrant frothing gaze genuinely gleam grant to take for granted hay hug Jesus latch loiter magic mince milk overhear pail pie queer seal sew shepherd shyness silver sleepy slip slipper sob starry steadily stumble tiptoe trim turkey
14 avenue barely brilliant cast chat chemist compete confident darken dine doorway doubtful empty
exclaim eyebrow guardian gust hardware impressively lid majority moderately oddly outline part partner pocket release scar sharply simultaneous spectator square ?jawed telegraph steady superiority tiepin track tremble unfold watchful-
15 air-conditioner antelope awe-struck bottomless calendar campfire caretaker chink clay community
computer concerning concrete confuse constant cottage craggy cycle deer define dweller fibre-glass flank ghost gigantic gleam harsh heater herder Himalayas Hindu hiss holy horizon hut indoors jungle lantern Manila moonlight mountainous mystic oven pager (the) Philippines plateau pm remote rest-house shape sliver stone-tiled stony style supernatural swollen Tibet torch tumble underneath worship Xerox