pool什么意思

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第一篇pool什么意思:2017年商务英语中级阅读真题精讲

　　In nature there are no groundless talk, the earth will not form.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的2017年商务英语中级阅读真题精讲，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!
　　人邮第三辑真题TEST 2 READING PART
　　Problems in the IT industry
　　In the information technology industry, it is widely acknowledged that how well IT departments of the future can fulfil their business goals will depend not on the regular updating of technology, which is essential for them to do, but on how well they can hold on to the people skilled at manipulating the newest technology. This is becoming more difficult. Best estimates of the current shortfall in IT staff in the UK are between 30,000 and 50,000, and growing.
　　And there is no end to the problem in sight. A severe industry-wide lack of investment in training means the long-term skills base is both ageing and shrinking. Employers are chasing experienced staff in ever-decreasing circles, and, according to a recent government report, 250,000 new IT jobs will be created over the next decade.
　　Most employers are confining themselves to dealing with the immediate problems. There is little evidence, for example, that they are stepping up their intake of raw recruits for in-house training, or retraining existing staff from other functions. This is the course of action recommended by the Computer Software Services Association, but research shows its members are adopting the short-term measure of bringing in more and more consultants on a contract basis. However, this approach is becoming less and less acceptable as the general shortage of skills, coupled with high demand, sends contractor rates soaring. An experienced contract programmer, for example, can now earn at least double the current permanent salary.
　　With IT professionals increasingly attracted to the financial rewards and flexibility of consultancy work, average staff turnover rates are estimated to be around 15%. While many companies in the financial services sector are managing to contain their losses by offering skilled IT staff "golden handcuffs" - deferred loyalty bonuses that tie them in until a certain date - other organisations, like local governments, are unable to match the competitive salaries and perks on offer in the private sector and contractor market, and are suffering turnover rates of up to 60% a year.
　　But while loyalty bonuses have grabbed the headlines, there are other means of holding on to staff. Some companies are doing additional IT pay reviews in the year and paying market premiums. But such measures can create serious employee relations problems among those excluded, both within and outside IT departments. Many industry experts advise employers to link bonuses to performance wherever possible. However, employers are realising that bonuses will only succeed if they are accompanied by other incentives such as attractive career prospects, training, and challenging work that meets the individual"s long-term ambitions.
　　This means managers need to allocate assignments more strategically and think about advancing their staff as well as their business. Some employers advocate giving key employees projects that would normally be handled by people with slightly more experience or capability. For many employers, however, the urgency of the problem demands a more immediate solution, such as recruiting skilled workers from overseas. But even this is not easy, with strict quotas on the number of work permits issued. In addition, opposition to the recruitment of IT people from other countries is growing, as many professionals believe it will lead to even less investment in training and thus a long-term weakening of the UK skills base.
　　13 According to the first paragraph, the success of iT departments will depend on
　　A their success at retaining their skilled staff.
　　B the extent to which they invest in new technology.
　　C their attempts to recruit staff with the necessary skills.
　　D the ability of employees to keep up with the latest developments.
　　14 A problem referred to in the second paragraph is that
　　A the government needs to create thousands of new IT posts.
　　B the pool of skilled IT people will get even smaller in the future.
　　C company budgets for IT training have been decreasing steadily.
　　D older IT professionals have not had adequate training.
　　15 What possible solution to the long-term problems in the IT industry is referred to in the third paragraph?
　　A ensure that permanent staff earn the same as contract staff
　　B expand company training programmes for new and old employees
　　C conduct more research into the reasons for staff leaving
　　D offer top rates to attract the best specialist consultants
　　16 In some businesses in the financial services sector, the IT staffing problem has led to
　　A cash promises for skilled staff after a specified period of time.
　　B more employees seeking alternative employment in the public sector.
　　C the loss of customers to rival organisations.
　　D more flexible conditions of work for their staff.
　　17 Employers accept that IT professionals are more likely to stay in their present post if they
　　A are set more realistic performance targets.
　　B have a good working relationship with staff in other departments.
　　C are provided with good opportunities for professional development.
　　D receive a remuneration package at top market rates.
　　18 According to the final paragraph, the UK skills base will be weakened by
　　A changes to managers" strategic thinking.
　　B insufficient responsibility being given to IT staff.
　　C the employment of IT staff with too little experience.
　　D the hiring of IT personnel from abroad.
　　《Problems in the IT industry》，IT行业的问题。IT行业的人才紧缺并且青黄不接，很多公司只顾短期利益，不愿意投入时间和成本进行培训。并且由于待遇等问题，人员流失现象十分严重。
　　第十三题，问根据第一段，IT部门的成功取决于什么。答案是but后面的一句：but on how well they can hold on to the people skilled at manipulating the newest technology.取决于他们能否留住精通于掌握最新技术的人。也就是A所说的，成功留住有技术的员工。
　　第十四题，问第二段提到的一个问题是什么。第二段这么说：A severe industry-wide lack of investment in training means the long-term skills base is both ageing and shrinking。一个严重的全行业范围的培训投入缺口意味着长期技术基础不仅老化而且紧缩。简单的说，就是人才短缺并且青黄不接。选B：有技术的IT人才未来会更少。Pool在这里是供应、聚集的意思。a pool of skilled labour：supply, common supply, reserve。
　　第十五题，问对于第三段提到的IT行业的长期问题的可能的解决方法是什么。答案在这里：This is the course of action recommended。所以弄明白这里的this is是指代什么，就找到了正确的答案，this is指代的内容在前面：they are stepping up their intake of raw recruits for in-house training, or retraining existing staff from other functions.。他们开始对吸收的生手进行室内培训，或者是从其他功能上对现有的员工重新培训。简单概括，就是培训，无论是新来的还是老员工。答案选B：为新旧员工扩展公司的培训计划。
　　第十六题，问金融服务行业的一些企业，IT员工问题导致了什么。答案是第四段的这么一句：While many companies in the financial services sector are managing to contain their losses by offering skilled IT staff "golden handcuffs" - deferred loyalty bonuses that tie them in until a certain date这些公司怎么留住人才避免损失呢?提供“黄金手铐”——延期的忠诚分红将他们套到某一天。也就是说给这些员工的分红是延迟发放的。即A选项所说的：对有技术员工一段时期后的现金许诺。Deferred就是after a specified period of time。
　　第十七题，IT职业者更愿意待在现有的位置上，如果。。答案是第五段的最后一句：employers are realising that bonuses will only succeed if they are accompanied by other incentives such as attractive career prospects, training, and challenging work that meets the individual"s long-term ambitions.这些分红只有同其他的动力相结合才能成功：有吸引力的职业前景，培训以及和个人长期目标相吻合的有挑战性的工作。也就是C段总结的：为职业发展提供良好的机会。
　　第十八题，问最后一段说，英国技术基础将被什么削弱。答案是最后一段的最后一句：opposition to the recruitment of IT people from other countries is growing, as many professionals believe it will lead to even less investment in training and thus a long-term weakening of the UK skills base.。从其他国家招IT人员的反对意见在上升，很多专家相信这会导致培训的减少并因此削弱长期的英国技术基础。即D段说的：从海外招聘IT人员。

第二篇pool什么意思:2016年公共英语三级考试作文万能句子汇集

　　本文为大家整理的是公共英语三级考试的作文常用句子，希望能给予大家帮助!
　　1、 I’m in a hurry.
　　翻译为：我得赶紧。
　　注意的词语："in a hurry"指匆忙，有时用作口语也表示轻易地做好某件事情。
　　2、 These days the most sought-after tables are hidden away, several floors above ground, in the city’s high-rise apartments,　which are run by chefs out of their own homes or from rented spaces……
　　翻译为：目前，很多广受欢迎的餐馆总是藏匿在公寓大厦地面上方的楼层，就在厨师们自家门口或是租的空地外面营业。
　　3、 Merely requesting a reservation can be as difficult as getting one.
　　翻译为：哪怕是仅仅要求预定(房间)都有可能象真要得到它一样那么难。
　　4、 Exclusively is the main attraction for customers in a city that is still obsessed with status.
　　翻译为：独有性(专用权)是吸引城市消费者的主要因素，因为人们还是会被身份地位(带来的虚荣感)所迷惑的。
　　5、 I can’t make up my mind about to have for dessert.
　　注意的词语：make up one’s mind：下决心、作决定。
　　翻译为：餐后吃什么甜点，我还没能做出决定。
　　6、Those mighty winds pulled in a band of cloud and some patchy rain through the small hours, and into thefirst part of the morning.
　　翻译为：那些强劲的大风卷起一层云彩，还有些零星的小雨下了好一会，一直持续到清晨。
　　7、clearer skies and much light winds allowed temperatures to drop well into single figures resulting in a touch of grand frost in some rural areas.
　　翻译为：清凉的天空和微风让温度值降到了个位数,使得很多乡村地区出现了霜.
　　8、The early sunshine giving away to a bit more clouds.
　　注意的词语：give away：让步。
　　翻译为：太阳被一小片云层遮住了。
　　9、 Cooking at table side has always been part of traditional haute cuisine, or art of cooking.
　　注意的词语：art of cooking:烹饪术，例：art of defense: 武术。
　　10、 I’m a very cook.
　　翻译为：我是一个绝对的厨师。
　　11、 Stir the mixture until it leaves sides of the bowl.
　　翻译为：与碗边脱离，即不沾碗边。引申义：就是要求充分搅匀.
　　12、 Roll the crust mixture into a round shape.
　　注意的词语：roll into: 卷成, 使合为一体。
　　翻译为：将外面的蛋糕皮混合物卷成一团。
　　13、 Yes, the apple pie is ready to serve.
　　注意的词语：be ready to: 预备, 即将
　　翻译为：是的，苹果派可以预备用了。
　　14、Animals that call the forest home have suffered enormously.
　　这个句子中重点解析的是"call"在这句话的意思。
　　call称为，当作。
　　翻译为：以森林为家的动物们受到了巨大的灾难。
　　15、American and Europe will pool research into hydrogen-powered fuel cells.
　　这个句子中重点解析的是"pool"在这句话的意思。
　　pool集中投入，pool的名词意思是"池塘"，动词本义是"汇合成塘"的意思，这里用的是比喻义，想象一下不难理解的。
　　翻译为：美国和欧洲将集中注资到氢燃料电池的研究中。
　　16、It shows the United States is out to make peace with eco-friendly Europe.
　　翻译为：这表明美国将尽力与生态环境好的欧洲和平相处。
　　out这里是副词，表示"致力于".
　　17、Fuel cells create electricity by combining oxygen and hydrogen without broducing harmful emissions, and technical construction poses few basic challenges.
　　这个句子中重点解析的是"call"在这句话的意思。
　　翻译为：燃料电池通过氧气和氢气反应来发电而不发出有害物质，并且在技术的组建上提出了很少的挑战。
　　这里没有call,只有cell,是电池的意思，名词。pose challenge提出挑战，就是指技术上的难关。
　　18、That means making use of renewable resources for the task, say wind and solar resources.
　　这个句子中重点解析的是"say"在这句话的意思。
　　翻译为：那意味着该任务是要利用可再生资源，比如风能和太阳能。
　　其中的say是副词，比如，相当于for example.
　　19、Whitman assured the public that the air was safe before testing was conclusive. In addition, all EPA statements were required to be screened by the White House.
　　翻译为：惠特曼向公众保证在测试下结论之前空气是安全的。而且，所有的EPA(美国环保署)申明都要求经过白宫的筛选。
　　注意的词语：screen：动词，筛选/过滤。
　　20、But New York Sen.(senator,参议员。)Hillary Clinton is calling for an investigation,saying somebody surely leaned on the EPA to lie, which Whitman strongly denies.
　　翻译为：但是纽约的科学家希拉里.克林顿要求调查此事，说某些人明显的偏向于EPA(美国环保署)而说谎，对于这个，惠特曼坚决否认。
　　注意的词语：call for:相当于demand,require、lean on:偏向于。
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第三篇pool什么意思:基因库的定义是什么意思

　　基因库对二倍体生物来说，有n个个体的一个群体的基因库由2n个单倍体基因组所组成。下面是百分网小编给大家整理的基因库的简介，希望能帮到大家!
　　基因库的定义
　　基因库(gene pool)是一个群体中所有个体的全部基因的总和。有性生殖支撑了一种独特的基因库构建与运行模式，减数分裂通过修修补补、程序性突变(如复制错误、缺失、插入、重复等，这些与辐射诱变等比较，相对温和)等增加种群内基因的多样性以及等位基因的多态性，并分散保存于种群之中(种群规模越大，容纳潜力越大)，这是一种高效而相对安全的物种基因库扩增方式。
　　基因库与进化
　　进化
　　种群或一个物种基因频率的变化称为微进化，一个种群以上水平的进化称为大进化。
　　物种形成机制
　　遗传系统和基因组本身被认为是一种关系整体，是适应和各种调节的中心：遗传单位与其说是基因组本身，毋宁说是某一“种群”的“基因库”或基因组聚合的相互作用;反过来，基因库也要适应和整合，并成为全部调节和不断再平衡的源泉，因此，它构成(或如某些著名理论家所说)个体与物种之间结合的中间水平(皮亚杰1989)。人们对有性生殖过程中基因的整体行为已有相当精准的认识，也潜在意识到种群基因库作为一个整体存在的适应意义。有学者从基因库的视角诠释了物种的形成机制：
　　1)绝大多数真核生物物种的基因库(所有个体的基因及其组合与关联方式)通过有性生殖(减数分裂、两性配子的融合)流动性地保存于整个群体之中，因此，物种的遗传多样性和环境适应性的关系蕴藏于群体的基因库之中。
　　2)有性生殖并非特意地为了去制造更多的遗传变异(这与传统的观念有着本质的差别)，它只不过是实施真核生物物种延绵过程的一种操作方式。因此，任何一个个体的基因组都是来自群体基因库的随机组合之一，是基因库的多样性从根本上决定了个体遗传组合(因此表型)的多样性。
　　3)这样，任何一个有性生殖的个体其完整的基因组都不会永生，都必然会在减数分裂的传代过程中随着反复的遗传重组而被片段化或碎片化，消逝于浩瀚如烟的种群基因库中。
　　4)在现实的生存环境中，由于生存竞争、隔离或环境(包括生物的或非生物的)等的作用，一个物种的基因库有些会扩展，有些可能会趋于萎缩，还有一些可能会分裂，这相应地就出现了物种的复杂化、退化或分化。
　　5)在有性生殖模式下，任何一个走向繁荣的物种其基因库(因此表型)都不可避免地(虽然十分缓慢)趋于更大的变异性与多样性(这是由减数分裂容易出现遗传重组和变异的特性所决定)，但这同时也增加个体间无法成功交配的几率(譬如，人类的不孕发病率就超过5%)。因此，自然选择与进化塑造或决定着这些物种的遗传(表型)多样性—交配成功率—环境适应性之间的动态与平衡。
　　6)任何一个特定物种的基因库其多样性都不可能无限扩增，在相似的条件下，遗传多样性越高，基因库分裂的几率就越大。成种的基因库分裂常常是高度重叠式的，仅出现极少的异化(譬如黑猩猩与人类的基因组高达98.8%是相似的)。这样，有性生殖通过时间的累积效应，推动新物种不断诞生，至使地球上的真核生物的物种呈现出一种永不停息的分化势头。
　　在真核生物中，以物种为单位的基因库的群体性保存机制，与物种的群体性生存与延绵模式相吻合。广泛的基因多态性的存在正是有性生殖物种基因库群体性保存方式的一个有力证据。1966年，列万廷与哈比合作通过运用电泳技术对蛋白质的变异研究发现，在一个果蝇群体中，大约30%的基因座是多态的(有不同的等位基因)。以后的研究发现，一般生物的遗传多态性都在10-20%左右(方舟子2005) 。
　　杂交与分化
　　基因库的差异越大(或一般来说，物种间亲缘关系越远)，物种间能成功进行杂交的可能性越小。但是，有些种群隔离时间虽久，如果基因库分化不大，也许仍然能成功交配。一些人相信存在自交或近交衰退，就必定会逻辑地相信存在所谓的“杂交优势”，历史悠久的农学育种正是为了寻找与利用一些所谓的对人类“有益的”优势性状。但杂交未必都会如此，有些(性状)优势，有些可能劣势，有些可能是中性的，这取决于两个物种之间基因组(进而生理上)的差异、整合和同化程度。
　　正是由于有性生殖的这种生态遗传学本质，任何物种的基因库都不可能保持不变，因此任何物种都不会永恒不变地延绵下去，它要么被环境消灭，要么消逝于自身的变化(物种分化)之中，而当这种变化达到了能形成生殖隔离(无论是同域，还是异域)的程度时就会导致物种的分化 。正如迈尔(2009)所指出的“群体之间的基因流动越少，成种事件的速度就越快，对于所有的生物来说都是这样” 。
　　基因库的三种形式
　　1、在一定的地域中，一个物种的全体成员构成一个种群。种群的主要特征是种群内的雌雄个体能通过有性生殖而实现基因的交流。一个种群全部个体所带有的全部基因的总和就是一个基因库(gene pool)。
　　2、细胞培养物、种子、冷冻精子或卵子等的收集物，作为保持有任何一种生物的代表性基因组的手段来加以保存。
　　3、目的基因(包括DNA片段)或一基因的供体的DNA片段，经体外与载体重组转到宿主细胞中扩增后以细菌或噬菌体形式保存。

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