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有读者来信询问句子成分划分的问题，具体如下。 张老师，我们最近在讨论一个句子的成分划分问题，有了一些分歧，想问问您的看法。句子如下。
They tend to be more independent， which is a very important factor in academic study and research， as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.
我们其中一方认为，which指代了they tend to be more independent整个内容，然后引导了并列的两个成分is a very important factor in academic study and research和giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life。主句是第一个逗号前的所有内容，which指代主句的内容，并发出两个动作―一个是“is a very important factor ...”，另一个是“gives them an advantage …”。由于有as well as存在，gives变成了现在分词形式giving。而另一方认为，“which is a very important factor … research”和“giving them … student life”是并列内容。在这个句子中，they tend to be more independent的确是主句，但第一个并列成分是“which is a very important factor ... research”，后面的“giving them … student life”其实是作主句的分词状语，与“which is a very important factor ... research”互为并列，而不认为give的发出者是which。
请问张老师怎么看呢？
简言之，上述争议为，“giving them … student life”是与定语从句的谓语部分“is a very important factor … research”并列，还是与整个定语从句“which is a very important factor … research”并列。解决这种分歧的关键在于正确理解as well as的结构和用法，这就是本期要讨论的内容。
As well as的词性、结构及语义
一般来说，as well as可以有下面三种用法，对应于不同的结构和语义。
As well as比较结构的用法
首先，我们可以把as well as看成是来自比较结构“as … as”，这里的well是一个副词，修饰动词，表达同级比较，基本意思是“与……一样好”。请看例句。
1. I can sing the song as well as he does.
我能够把这首歌唱得和他一样好。
但as well as的这个用法不是我们这里要重点讨论的。我们所要讨论的as well as是作为一个整体，连接两个并列成分，基本结构是X as well as Y。并列的X、Y成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语甚至谓语动词。在这个结构里，as well as可以充当介词，也可以充当连词。在下面具体举例说明之前，我们先列表总结如下。
As well as充当介词连接并列成分
当我们把as well as用作介词时，其后可以接名词或动名词。请看例句。
2. When I came to China in 1992， a wheelchair was never seen. When I left in 2012， it was common to see people in wheelchairs. Besides that， new buildings were required to have ramps as well as steps.
我1992年来中国时，没见到有轮椅。等我2012年离开中国时，人们坐轮椅已经是司空见惯了。此外，新建楼房要求不仅要有台阶，而且要建坡道。
解析：这里的ramps是指专供残疾人轮椅使用的坡道，而steps指的就是供腿脚正常的人使用的台阶。我们知道，一般楼房有台阶这是很常见的，但坡道则出现得相对比较晚，也比较少。所以这里作者说ramps as well as steps，目的是为了强调ramps。如果要ramps与steps互换位置，则意味着楼房通常都有坡道，而台阶则少见―这显然不符合现实。
由此可见，在X as well as Y结构中，Y这个概念往往是已知的、常规的，因此无需被强调或重点介绍，而X这个概念则是新近的、少见的，需要加以强调或重点介绍。
我们还可以把as well as Y提到句首，比如下面这个例句。
3. As well as advantages there are also three main disadvantages of tourism. The first is erosion of the countryside by so many people： Paths， grass and other areas of vegetation and woodland get worn away. 除了优点之外，旅游业还有三大主要弊端。首先就是人多了会对乡村环境造成破坏，比如人行步道、草坪、其他绿地植被和林地都会遭到损害。
解析：这里as well as连接的并列成分是advantages和disadvantages，强调的是disadvantages，因此下文对旅游的缺点进行了展开叙述。
既然充当介词，那么当as well as后接动词时，自然要把动词变成动名词。比如，《朗文当代高级英语词典》上还专门列出了as well as doing something结构，并给出了下面这个例句。
4. The organization gives help and support to people in need， as well as raising money for local charities.
该组织不仅为当地慈善机构筹款，而且还对需要帮助的人提供帮助和支持。
解析：我们看到，这里的gives help and support to people in need与raising money for local charities是并列成分，这里将as well as当作介词使用，as well as后面使用了动名词raising。
As well as充当连词连接并列成分
当as well as用作连词时，相当于一个并列连词，连接两个并列成分，比如并列的谓语动词、名词短语、形容词、副词、介词短语等等。As well as充当连词的用法比充当介词的用法更常见。下面我们来看例句。
5. The organization gives help and support to people in need， as well as raises money for local charities. （接谓语动词，该句是对句5的改写）
6. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as the companies he keeps， for there is a companionship of books as well as of men. （接名词短语与介词短语）
常言说，观其友可以知其人，其实观其所读之书亦可知其人，因为与人为伴的不仅是人也可以是书。
7. He is courageous as well as strong. （接形容词）
他既坚强又有胆识。
8. An effective sentence expresses an idea or relationship clearly and concisely as well as grammatically. （接副词）
有效的句子在表达思想或语义关系时，不仅语法正确，而且简洁明了。
9. Love lives in cottages as well as in courts. （接介词短语）
爱情无贵贱，贫富皆有之。
问题解答
掌握了上述as well as的用法后，我们再来看文章开头的那句话。
They tend to be more independent， which is a very important factor in academic study and research， as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.
解析：这里as well as连接的是并列的动词短语“is a very important … research”和“giving them … student life”。作者这里把as well as用作介词，所以其后接了动名词giving。如果把as well as用作连词，则可以说成“… as well as gives them …”。另外，值得注意的是，关系代词which不是指代前面整个主句，而是指代非谓语动词短语to be more independent。因此，该定语从句可以改为以下两个简单句。
a. Being more independent is a very important factor in academic study and research.
b. Being more independent gives them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.