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你知道新视野大学英语4：Unit4 TextB将什么内容吗?下面是yjbys小编为大家带来的新视野大学英语4：Unit4 TextB(课文+译文)的知识，欢迎阅读。
What nature is telling you
倾听自然诉说
1.Let"s sit down here, all of us, on the open prairie, where we can"t see a highway or a fence, free from the debris of the city. Let"s have no blankets to sit on, but let our bodies converge with the earth, the surrounding trees and shrubs. Let"s have the vegetation for a mattress, experiencing its texture, its sharpness and its softness. Let us become like stones, plants, and trees. Let us be animals, think and feel like animals.
1.让我们在这儿坐下来吧，我们所有的人，就在这片广阔的草原上。在这里，我们看不见高速公路，看不见围栏，远离城市垃圾。我们不要铺毯子，就让我们的身体和大地、周围的树木及灌木来个亲密接触吧。让我们把草当垫子，感受它或许坚硬或许柔软的质地。让我们想象自己变成了石头、植物和树木，想象自己变成了动物，并像动物那样思考和感觉。
2.This is my plea: Listen to the air. You can hear it, feel it, smell it, taste it. We feel it between us, as a presence presiding over the day. It is a good way to start thinking about nature and talking about it. To go further, we must rather talk to it, talk to the rivers, to the lakes, to the winds as to our relatives.
2.这就是我的请求：倾听空气。你们可以听见它，感觉它，闻到它，品尝它。我们可以感到它就在我们中间，作为一种实实在在的存在，主宰着每一天。这是一个好方式，我们可以就这样开始思考自然，谈论自然。如果再想好点的话，我们就不如和自然说话，也就是和江河说话，和湖泊说话，和风说话，就像我们和亲人说话一样。
3.You have impaired our ability to experience nature in the good way, as part of it. Even here we are conscious that somewhere beyond the marsh and its cranes, somewhere out in those hills there are radar towers and highway overpasses. This land is so beautiful and strange that now some of you want to make it into a national park. You have not only contaminated the earth, the rocks, the minerals, all of which you call "dead" but which are very much alive; you have even changed the animals, which are part of us, changed them into vulgar zoological mutations, so no one can recognize them.
3.你们已经损坏了我们人类作为大自然的一部分以一种美好的方式体验大自然的能力。即使在这里，我们也知道，在沼泽地和栖息于此的鹤之外的某个地方，在远处山里的某个地方，就建有雷达塔和高速公路立交桥。这片土地如此美丽与奇特，以至于你们中的某些人想把它变成一座国家公园。你们已经污染了土地、岩石、矿物——这些都是被你们称为已经“死去”但其实是非常有生命活力的东西。不仅如此，就连属于我们一部分的动物，也被你们改造了。你们把它们变成了低级的基因变异动物，以至于没有人能再认识它们。
4.There is power in an antelope, so you let it graze within your fences. But what power do you see in a goat or sheep, prey animals with no defenses, creatures that hold still while you slaughter them? There was great power in a wolf, even in a fox. You have inverted nature and turned these noble animals into miniature lap dogs. Nature is bound by your ropes and whips and is obedient to your commands. You can"t do much with a cat, so you fix it, alter it, declaw it, and even cut its vocal cords so that you can experiment on it in a laboratory without being disturbed by its cries.
4.羚羊是一种有力量的动物，因而你们把它圈养在栅栏里。但是，山羊或绵羊，这些没有自卫能力的猎物、这些悄无声息任凭你们宰杀的动物，你们在它们身上看到了什么力量?狼身上有巨大的力量，狐狸身上也同样有巨大的力量。你们违背自然，把这些高贵的动物变成了小型的可以放在腿上把玩的哈巴狗。自然被你们的绳索和鞭子所束缚，屈服于你们的命令。对猫，你们无能为力，所以你们就设法修理它们、改造它们，剪掉它们锋利的爪子，甚至切断它们的声带，这样你们就可以用猫在实验室做实验，而不会再受它们叫声的干扰。
5.You have also made all types of wild birds into chickens - creatures with wings so impaired that they cannot fly. There are farms where you breed chickens for breast meat. Those birds are kept in low, repressive cages, forced to be hunched over all the time, which makes the breast muscles very big. One loud noise and the chickens go mad, killing themselves by flying against the walls of their cages. Having to spend all their lives stooped over makes an unnatural, crazy, no-good bird. It also makes unnatural, detached, no-good human beings.
5.所有的野生鸟类都被你们改造成了鸡禽——一种翅膀退化、根本不会飞的生物。你们有许多农场，专门用来词养鸡以提供鸡胸脯肉。这些鸡被关在狭窄压抑的笼子里，不得不一直弓着身体，这使它们的胸脯肌肉变得很大。如果突发一声巨响，鸡群会吓得发疯般乱跑，撞死在笼子壁上。一辈子都必须佝偻着背使得这些鸡变成了既不天然又不正常、毫无用处的禽类。同时，人类也变得很不自然、冷漠无情、残酷刻薄。
6.That"s where you"ve fooled yourselves. You have not only altered, declawed, and deformed your winged and four-legged cousins; you have done it concurrently to yourselves. You inject Botox, or use plastic surgery, synthetic make-up and countless drugs. You have filtered and remolded humans into executives sitting in boardrooms, into office workers, into time-clock punchers. Your homes are filled with families disconnected from one another but tied to one great entity, television.
6.在这点上，你们愚弄了自己。你们对自己带翅膀的和长四条腿的近亲兄弟姐妹进行了改造，剪掉了它们的爪子，甚至让它们变得畸形。同时，你们也在对自己做这些事情。你们注射肉毒杆菌毒素，接受整容手术，使用人造化妆品和数不清的药物。你们把人类进行筛选和改造：有的人是坐董事会议室的高级管理人员，有的人是坐办公室的白领，有的人是每日要按考勤钟打卡的工人。在家里，每个家庭成员之间也没有联系，却都沉溺于一个大实体，那就是电视。
7.Watch the ashes, don"t smoke, you"ll stain the curtains. Watch the goldfish bowl. Don"t lean your head against the wallpaper; your hair may be greasy. Don"t spill liquor on that table: You"ll peel off its delicate finish. You should have wiped your boots; the floor was just cleaned. Don"t, don"t, don"t ..." That is absurd! We weren"t made to endure this type of repression. You live in prisons which you have built for yourselves, calling them "homes", offices, factories.
7.“小心烟灰，不要抽烟，否则你会熏脏窗帘。小心金鱼缸。不要把头靠在墙纸上，你的头发也许很油。不要把饮料洒在桌子上，你会把它精美的涂层弄掉。你应该先擦擦靴子，地板刚刚才打扫过。不要做这个，不要做那个，不要……”这太荒谬了!人类生下来不是忍受这种压抑的。你们住在自己亲手打造的监狱里，只不过你们把它们称之为“家”、办公室或工厂而已。
8.Sometimes i think that even our pitiful small houses are better that your luxury mansions. Strolling a hundred feet to the outhouse on a clear wintry night, through mud or snow, that is one small link with nature. Or in the summer, in the back country, taking your time, listening to the humming of the insects or the flapping of birds’ wings, the sun warming your bones through the nodding branches of trees; you don’t even have that pleasure of coexistence with nature anymore.
8.有时，我认为我们的寒酸小屋也比你们的奢华大厦要好。在一个晴朗的冬夜，踏着泥土或积雪，漫步一百英尺去上厕所，这是我们与自然之间的一个小小的接触。亦或是在夏天，在一个偏僻的乡村，悠闲地听着昆虫的嗡鸣或鸟儿拍打翅膀的声音，感受太阳透过随风摇摆的树枝暖暖地照在身上的感觉。可是你们却连体会那种与自然共处的快乐的机会都不再有。
9.You subscribe to the belief that everything must be germ free. No smells! Not even the good, natural man and woman odors. Eradicate the smell from under your armpits, from your skin. Rub it out,and then spray some botanical odor on yourself,stuff you can spend a lot of money on,ten dollars an ounce,so you know this has to smell good.Why do you keep such a distance from your bodies’ functions,cavities and smells that you’ve alienated yourselves from the natural world,of which you are an integral part?
9.你们坚信任何东西都必须是无菌的。任何气味都不能有!包括男人、女人身上所散发的那些好闻的自然的体香。你们就是要除去腋窝下散发的气味，除去皮肤里散发的气味。味道去掉后，你们还要在身上撒上某种植物香水。这东西造价昂贵，一盎司十美元，所以你们相信它的气味肯定好。你们为什么要刻意远离自己身体的功能、体腔和气味，把自己从原本所属的自然世界疏离出去呢?
10.I think you are so afraid and intolerant of the world around you.You deplore the natural world;you don’t want to see,feel,smell,or hear it.The feelings of rain and snow on your face,being numbed by an icy wind and warmed back up by a smoking fire,coming out of a hot sweat bath and plunging into a cold stream,these things are the spice of life,but you don’t want them anymore.
10.我认为你们既十分害怕又不能容忍自己周围的世界。你们痛斥自然界，不愿看到、触到、闻到或听到关于它的任何点滴。雨或雪落在脸上的感觉，被刺骨的寒风冻僵后又在冒烟的火堆旁烤火暖和过来，洗一个热水澡后又跳入一条寒冷的小溪，所有这些都能给生活增添乐趣，但是你们却不再想要这些了。
11.You’re cage dwellers,living in boxes which shut out the hot humidity of the summer and the chill of winter,living inside a body that no longer has a scent.You’re hearing the noise form the hi-fi instead of listening to the sounds of nature.You’re watching actors on TV having a make-believe experience when you no longer experience anything for yourself.That’s your way.It’s no good.
11.你们把自己围在牢笼中，生活在封闭的盒子里，隔绝了夏天的酷热与潮湿，冬天的寒冷与战栗，只活在一个不再有任何自然气息的驱壳里;你们听着音响中播放的噪音而不是自然的声音;你们看着电视上演员上演编造的经历，而自己却不去做任何亲身体验。这就是你们的方法。实在太糟糕了。
导语：翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。下面，是大学英语book2课文翻译的内容，提供给大家参考学习！
大学英语book2课文翻译
Unit 1 Are You a 1960s Type Student? 大学已不再特别了
If you can remember anything about the 1960s, you weren"t really there," so the saying goes. It may be true for those who spent their college years in a haze of marijuana smoke. But there is one thing everyone remembers about the 1960s: Going to college was the most exciting and stimulating experience of your life.
In the 1960s, California"s colleges and universities had transformed the state into the world"s seventh largest economy. However, Berkeley, the University of California"s main campus, was also well-known for its student demonstrations and strikes, and its atmosphere of political radicalism. When Ronald Reagan ran for office as governor of California in 1966, he asked if Californians would allow "a great university to be brought to its knees by a noisy, dissident minority". The liberals replied that it was the ability to tolerate noisy, dissident minorities which made universities great.
On university campuses in Europe, mass socialist or communist movements gave rise to increasingly violent clashes between the establishment and the college students, with their new and passionate commitment to freedom and justice. Much of the protest was about the Vietnam War. But in France, the students of the Sorbonne in Paris managed to form an alliance with the trade unions and to launch a general strike, which ultimately brought about the resignation of President de Gaulle.
It wasn"t just the activism that characterized student life in the 1960s. Everywhere, going to college meant your first taste of real freedom, of late nights in the dorm or in the Junior Common Room, discussing the meaning of life. You used to have to go to college to read your first forbidden book, see your first indie film, or find someone who shared your passion, for Jimi Hendrix or Lenny Bruce. It was a moment of unimaginable freedom, the most liberating in your life:
But where"s the passion today? What"s the matter with college? These days political, social and creative awakening seems to happen not because of college, but in spite of it. Of course, it"s true that higher education is still important. For example, in the UK, Prime Minister Blair was close to achieving his aim of getting 50 per cent of all under thirties into college by 2010 (even though a cynic would say that this was to keep them off the unemployment statistics). Yet college education is no longer a topic of great national importance. Today, college is seen as a kind of small town from which people are keen to escape. Some people drop out, but the most apathetic stay the course because it"s too much effort to leave.
Instead of the heady atmosphere of freedom which students in the1960s discovered, students today are much more serious. The British Council has recently done research into the factors which help international students decide where to study. In descending order these are: quality of courses, employability prospects, affordability, personal security issues, lifestyle, and accessibility. College has become a means to an end, an opportunity to increase one"s chances on the employment market, and not an end in itself, which gives you the chance to imagine, just for a short while, that you can change the world.
The gap between childhood and college has shrunk, and so has the gap between college and the real world. One of the reasons may be financial. In an uncertain world, many children rely on their parents" support much longer than they used to. Students leaving university in the 21st century simply cannot afford to set up their own home because it"s too expensive. Another possible reason is the communications revolution. Gone are the days when a son or daughter rang home once or twice a term. Today students are umbilically linked to their parents by their cell phones. And as for finding like-minded friends to share a passion for obscure literature or music, well, we have the Internet and chat rooms to help us do that.
"Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,
But to be young was very heaven!"
Wordsworth may have written these lines about the French Revolution; but they were also true for the students of the 1960s. So why aren"t they true for the students of today?
有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在麻地烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。
20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生不上课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德·里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。
在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投人到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。
20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本被禁止阅读的书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米·亨德里克斯或兰尼·布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。
可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的三十岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已经不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。
没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全
问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。
童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。
“幸福啊，活在那个黎明之中，．年轻更是如进天堂！
华兹华斯的诗句说的可能是法国大革命，但是对于20世纪60年代的大学生而言，这样的诗句同样真实生动。可是为什么对于如今的大学生来说，它们就不真实了呢？
Unit 2 This is Sandy 这位是桑迪
I love it when my friends introduce me to new people, although I never let on. I love the proud and honorable expression they wear when they say “This is Sandy — she"s deaf”, as if I were evidence of their benevolence. I also love the split-second shocked expression on the new people, the hasty smiles and their best imitations of what they think of as their “normal faces”. If they do the ritual well enough I turn my head ever so slightly and tuck my hair behind one of my ears, whichever one"s closer to them. They never fail to say something nice about my pink hearing aids, while my regular friends beam on.
I"m thinking of starting a hearing aid collection, actually. They"d make better accessories than earrings: I once saw a catalog for clip-on hearing aids and hearing aid covers, and the products were most definitely fashion statements in various shapes and hues. It"d be like the exquisitely expensive handbag Esther"s dad got her when we were in high school. The rest of us could only admire, but could not, imitate, because our dads weren’t rich enough to spoil us that way. And now, only I can wear hearing aids: My friends can do nothing but gush.
To be honest, I quite like my deafness. It wasn"t easy the first few years after the car accident and the stupid exploding airbag, but now it"s become something that makes me special among my friends. None of my close friends are hearing-impaired; simply because I wasn’t born deaf. By the time I lost my hearing; I"d already accumulated a fixed circle of people, and they mostly rushed to participate in the drama.
You know how when you talk about your friends, you refer to them as Drew the Bartender, Carol the Feminist, Greg the Guy Who Can Knot a Cherry Stem with His Tongue and so on? I"m Sandy the Deaf Girl. I like it. I don’t have any other particularly outstanding traits or skills. Never did.
It"s more than just standing out; too: I"m sure a lot of important events in my life wouldn"t have happened or worked out quite the same way if I weren"t wearing pink hearing aids. For example, the thing with Colin.
I first met Colin at an apartment party. When Carol the Feminist introduced us to each other, I tucked my hair behind both my ears and leaned closer, not because he did the ritual particularly well; but because he was a stud: You should have seen his recovery smile after the inevitable surprise.
We went in search of drinks after the handshakes, and somewhere between what was functioning as the wine bar and the couch, we lost Carol.
“Do you usually read lips like this? Or do you sign, too?” he asked after a while.
“I mostly just read lips because it was easier to pick up than signing, although that"s not the only reason I was staring at your lips," I told him.
He laughed. We talked more, and then the host upped the music volume and dimmed the lights for the “dance floor”; and I had to lean in much, much closer to be able to continue reading his lips in the semi-darkness. And read his lips I did.
We did the usual and exchanged numbers, and a week later Colin did the unthinkable and called. We went out, satisfied ourselves that the other person still looked good in sober daylight, and read more lips. Within two months Colin and I were dating.
我的朋友向生人介绍我的时候，虽然我嘴上从不说什么，但我心里喜欢得很。我喜欢他们说“这位是桑迪—她是聋子”的时候脸上那副骄傲和荣耀的表情，就好像我证明了他们的仁德善心一样。我也喜欢生人脸上那瞬间的震惊表情、匆忙的微笑和他们竭力装出的“正常脸色”。如果他们这套仪式做得够好，我就会微微转过头，把头发掖到离他们较近的那只耳朵后面。他们总会说些好话，夸我的粉红色助听器，我的朋友们则在一旁灿烂地微笑。
实际上，我在考虑开始收藏助听器。它们是比耳环更好的首饰。我曾经看到过一款“一夹得”带罩助听器的广告图片，产品有各种各样的形状和颜色，绝对时髦。那就像我们上高中的时候，埃斯特的爸爸给她买的精美昂贵的手提包一样。那时，我们其他人只有羡慕的份儿，却无法仿效，因为我们的老爸没那么多钱去娇惯我们。而现在，只有我能戴助听器。朋友们也就只有羡慕的份儿了。
说实话，我挺喜欢耳聋的。在那次车祸和愚蠢的安全气囊破裂之后的头几年，日子不好过，但是现在，耳聋让我在朋友中显得很特别。我的好朋友没有一个是听力残障的，因为我不是天生耳聋，在我失去听觉的时候，我已经有了一个固定的朋友圈。他们中的多数人都热心积极地参加这场“表演”。
你知道，在你谈论朋友时，你会把称他们为“酒吧侍者德鲁”、“女权主义者卡罗尔”、‘能用舌头给樱桃梗打结的家伙格雷格”等等。我是“聋女桑迪”。我喜欢这个称呼。我没有任何其它突出的个性或能耐。从来没有过。
还不仅仅是与众不同。我确信，假如我不戴粉红色助听器的话，我生活中的许多重大事件就不会以同样的方式发生或产生同样的结果。例如，跟柯林之间的事儿。
我初次遇见柯林是在一次公寓派对上。女权主义者卡罗尔给我们彼此做了介绍之后，我把头发拢到两耳之后，凑得更近些，不是因为他把那套仪式做得特别好，而是因为他是个情种。谁都能注意到在不可避免的惊讶之后他脸上恢复的微笑。
握手之后，我们去拿喝的。在临时搭建的吧台和沙发之间的某个地方，卡罗尔不见了。 “你通常都像这样读唇语吗？还是也用手语？”过了一会儿他问。
我告诉他说：“我多数时间只读唇语，因为这比用手语更容易，但这不是我一直盯着你的嘴唇的唯一原因。”
他大笑起来。我们又说了一会儿话。后来，主人放大音乐的音量，调暗“舞池”的灯光；我不得不凑近他，很近很近，以便能在昏暗中接着读他的唇语。我的确读到了他的唇语。 我们照例交换了电话号码。一星期之后，柯林做了件让人无法相信的事：他打来了电话。我们出去玩了，发现对方在大白天依然好看，因此彼此感觉满意。我又读了更多的唇语。在两个月之内，柯林和我就开始约会了。
Unit 3 Stolen Identity 窃取的身份
“Frank never went to pilot school, medical school, law school, ... because he"s still in high school.”
That was the strapline of the 2002 film Catch Me If You Can, which tells the story of Frank Abagnale, Jr. (Leonardo DiCaprio), a brilliant young master of deception who at different times impersonated a doctor, a lawyer, and an airplane pilot, forging checks worth more than six million dollars in 26 countries. He became the youngest man to ever make the FBI’s most-wanted list for forgery. Hunted and caught in the film by fictional FBI agent Carl Hanratty (Tom Hanks), Abagnale later escaped. He eventually became a consultant for the FBI where he focused on white-collar crime.
It"s a great film, but could it happen in real life? In fact, Catch Me If You Can is based on the true story of Frank Abagnale, whose career as a fraudster lasted about six years before he was caught, who escaped from custody three times (once through an airplane toilet), and who spent a total of six years in prison in France, Sweden and the US. He now runs a consultancy advising the world of business how to avoid fraud. He has raised enough money to pay back all his victims, and is now a multi-millionaire.
Since 2003, identity theft has become increasingly common. Few people could imagine how important things like taking mail to the post office and not leaving it in the mailbox for pickup, shredding documents instead of throwing them out with the trash, even using a pen costing a couple of bucks, have become to avoid life-changing crimes.
More and more people are becoming anonymous victims of identity theft. We spend many hours and dollars trying to recover our name, our credit, our money and our lives. We need to look for different ways to protect ourselves. We can improve our chances of avoiding this crime, but it will never go away.
It"s not just a list of do"s and don"ts, we need to change our mindset. Although online banking is now commonplace, there"s a significant group of people in the country — the baby boomers, 15 per cent of the population —who still prefer to use paper. What"s more, 30 per cent of cases of fraud occur within this group. A check has all the information about you that an identity thief needs. If you use a ballpoint pen, the ink can be removed with the help of a regular household
chemical and the sum of money can be changed. More than 1.2 million bad checks are issued every day, more than 13 per second.
Check fraud is big business ... and growing by 25 per cent every year. Criminals count on our mistakes to make their jobs easier. So how can we prevent identity theft before it happens to us?
Take a few precautions. Don"t leave your mail in your mailbox overnight or over the weekend. Thieves wait for the red flag to go up, so they can look through your outgoing mail for useful personal information or checks. Use a gel pen for checks and important forms, the ink is trapped in the fiber of the paper, and it can’t be removed with chemicals: Also, shred or tear up all documents which contain personal information before you put them in the trash.
Remember that there are plenty of online opportunities for thieves to create a false identity based on your own. We’re all aware of the risks to personal information on computer databases by hacking and Trojan horses. But choosing someone and doing a Google search can also yield large amounts of personal information, and so can online social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook and Bebo. And just as we take our pocketbook with us when we leave the office to go to the bathroom, it"s also worth logging off your computer to avoid opportunistic theft.
Finally, if you get robbed in a more traditional way — in the street—canceling your credit cards is obviously the first thing to do. But don"t forget that even after they’re reported lost, they can be used as identification to acquire store cards ... and you get the criminal record.
Identity fraud can go on for years without the victim’s knowledge. There is no escaping the fact that right now fraudsters are finding identity crime all too easy. If you haven’t had your identity stolen, it"s only because they haven’t got to you yet. Your turn will come.
“弗兰克从未上过飞行学院、医学院、法学院?因为他都还在上高中。”
这是2002年的电影《有种来抓我》的剧情简介。影片讲述了小弗兰克·阿巴格纳尔（莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥饰演）的故事。影片主人公是一位聪明绝顶的年轻骗术大师，曾在不同时间扮演医生、律师和飞行员的角色，在26个国家伪造了价值600万美元以上的支票。他成了联邦调查局有史以来伪造罪头号通缉令名单上最年轻的通缉犯。在影片中，阿巴格纳尔被虚构的联邦调查局特工卡尔·汉拉提（汤姆·汉克斯饰演）追捕，但后来逃脱了。他最终成了联邦调查局专攻白领犯罪的顾问专家。
《有种来抓我》是一部很棒的电影，但影片中的事情会在现实生活中发生吗？其实，《有种来抓我》是根据弗兰克·阿巴格纳尔的真实故事改编的，他的行骗生涯持续了大约六年；被抓后，曾三次逃脱监管（有一次是从飞机的厕所逃走的）；在法国、瑞典和美国的监狱中总共度过了六年时光。他现在经营一家咨询事务所，为企业界提供防造假咨询。他挣到了足够的钱，赔付了所有的受害者，如今已是大富豪。
2003年以来，身份盗窃案变得越来越常见。很少有人会想象到，为了预防这种改变人生的犯罪，采取一些预防措施有多么重要，比如把邮件拿到邮局去寄而不是丢在信箱里等人来取、把文件切碎而不是直接把它们连同垃圾一道扔出去，甚至使用几美元一支的（特效）
笔等等。
越来越多的人正在成为身份盗窃案的无名受害者。我们花费许多时间和金钱，去努力挽回我们的姓名、我们的信用、我们的钱和我们的生活。我们需要想方设法来保护自己。我们可以减少此类犯罪的机会，但是它永远不会消失。
这不仅仅是要求我们列一份“该做”和“不该做”事项的清单，我们还需要改变心态。虽然网上银行现在很常见，但国内有一大群人—即占人口15％的生育高峰时期出生的一代人—还是更喜欢用纸。而且，30%的诈骗案都发生在这群人当中。支票上有身份盗贼所需的你的全部信息。如果你用圆珠笔，笔迹可以用一般的家用化学药品除去，钱数可以更改。每天发出的空头支票高达120万张以上，平均每秒13张以上。
支票造假是个大产业??每年以25％的速率增长。犯罪分子指望我们犯错误，好让他们更容易得手。那么我们怎样才能防患于未然呢？
采取一些预防措施。不要把你的邮件留在邮箱里过夜或过周末。小偷就等着看你家信箱的小红旗（注：在美国，信箱上插上小红旗表示有邮件需要投递），以便通过你要投递的邮件找寻有用的个人信息或支票。要用签字笔填写支票和重要表格，（因为）签字笔的墨水会渗进纸张的纤维中，无法用化学药品除去。还有，切碎或撕碎含有个人信息的所有文件，然后再把它们丢进垃圾桶。
记住，网上有大量机会可以被小偷利用。他们根据你的身份伪造假身份。我们都知道黑客行为和木马软件对电脑数据库中个人信息的威胁。但是在谷歌上搜索某人也会透露大量个人信息，在线社交网站（如“我的空间”、“相册”和“毕波”）也一样。正如我们离开办公室去厕所时要随身带上钱包一样，离开电脑时也应该注销你的电脑以防临时起意的盗窃。
最后一点，假如你遭遇较传统方式的抢劫一比如在大街上一挂失你的信用卡显然是要做的第一件事。但是别忘了，即使挂了失，信用卡也可以用作身份证件来获得购物卡??那你就有了犯罪记录。
身份伪造可以肆行多年而不为受害者所知。一个无法回避的事实是：现在的诈骗者觉得身份犯罪简直是太容易了。如果你的身份尚未失窃，那只是因为他们还没有对你动手。就会轮到你的。
Unit 4 The death of Newspaper 报纸的末日？
For years it started the day for millions of people: the sound of the newspaper hitting the front door, the window or the neighbor"s dog. With a cup of coffee, maybe some breakfast, the ritual of reading the newspaper was the quiet before the storm, a moment of pleasure and peace before the working day began.
But all over the English-speaking world, newspaper editors are facing the same problem: Circulation has declined, as more and more readers turn to the Internet for their news. This means that the revenue from advertising is also declining, and the cover price of the newspaper is rising, so they can make the same amount of money. And of course, a price-sensitive product like a newspaper could lose readers, and the vicious circle continues. So what does the future hold? Is it the death of the newspaper?
The decline is a long-term trend of 20 or more years, predating the Internet. Four-fifths of Americans once read newspapers. Today, it seems that fewer than half do. Among adults,
between 1990 and 2000, daily readership fell from 52.6 per cent to 37.5 per cent. Among the young, the situation is even worse: Only 19 per cent of those between the ages of 18 and 34 claim to read a daily newspaper. A mere nine per cent trusted the information the newspaper contains.
Advertising on the Internet works differently than in print. The advertiser can monitor minute by minute if their ads are working, and no longer has to rely on circulation figures. The greater number of outlets which the Internet can offer encourages ferocious competition for advertising revenue, while printing and production costs have risen remorselessly. As a result, The New York Times Company has downsized by 700 jobs among its various papers. The Baltimore Sun is closing down its foreign news bureaux. In the UK most newspapers have reduced the newspaper to tabloid size, in a bid to capture younger readers, although because "tabloid" has a connotation of "downmarket", some of the papers refer to the new size as "compact’.
All large circulation newspapers have established strong websites. The Internet provides an easy outlet for anyone with an opinion, and there"s nothing a newspaper editor likes more for reassurance about their work than feedback and opinions, as diverse as possible. Teenagers today don"t remember a time when they didn"t have the Internet, and reading a newspaper is something they only do if they have an assignment to write about the specific medium of print journalism.
It"s hard to deny the environmental impact of newspapers. Nearly four billion trees worldwide are cut down annually for paper, representing about 35 percent of all harvested trees. It has to be said that many of the trees used for paper come from special estates where they"re planted and replaced on a regular basis. Furthermore, yesterday"s newspaper is often recycled and turned back into today"s. Nevertheless, paper mills are among the worst polluters to air, water and land of any industry in the US.
But the daily or weekend newspaper is still a great tradition for many people. "Sunday wouldn"t be Sunday without the Sunday newspapers," is a comment which occurs regularly in UK-based surveys. Other opinions draw attention to the convenience of the paper over the laptop: "My newspaper"s battery never dies," "If I drop my newspaper, it doesn"t break," "The flight attendant has never told me to put my newspaper away," and, reminding us of the traditional wrapping of the UK"s national takeaway food, "You can swat flies with them, and they can still be used to wrap fish."
So maybe the newspaper won"t die without a struggle. Trends for the future of newspaper include an increased demand for local news, and the continued exploitation of lifestyle journalism, which began in the late 1980s, especially within personal finance and travel, will create new revenue streams. Some commentators recommend that, instead of dumbing down, which is the usual way of increasing one"s market share, newspapers should smarten up, that is to say, honor the principles of integrity and impartiality of their coverage. A newspaper with editorial positions which are respected by its readers will surely have more influence and prestige than the same reports read one by one on the Internet.
Moreover, the small-town newspaper will always be meaningful for the parents whose child"s photo is news for a few days. And reading the traditional Sunday newspapers in an armchair while everyone else takes the day off is going to be a hard habit to break.
But is it enough? Or will we one day see the death of the newspaper?
多年来，数以百万计的人在报纸击中前门、窗户或邻居的狗的叫声中开始了一天的生活。对着一杯咖啡，也许还有早餐，看报的仪式是风暴之前的平静，是工作日开始之前的愉快安宁。
可是，在所有讲英语的国家，报纸编辑们正面临着同一个问题：发行量下滑了，因为越来越多的读者转向互联网阅读新闻。这意味着同时下滑的广告收入，以及随之上涨的报纸定价，因为只有这样他们才能挣到一样多的钱。当然，像报纸这样价格敏感的产品可能会失去读者，恶性循环会不断加剧。那么将来会怎样？报纸是否走上了末路？
这种下滑是20多年来的长期趋势，在互联网问世之前就已出现。从前，五分之四的美国人看报，而如今似乎只有不到一半。1990至2000年间，成年人每天看报的人数从52.6%下降到37.5%。年轻人中情况更槽：18至34岁的年轻人只有19%自称每天看报。而仅有9%的人相信报纸上的信息。
互联网广告的运作方式与报纸广告不同。广告商可以逐分逐秒地监视广告是否在起作用，而不再需要依赖报纸的发行量。互联网可提供的更多的窗口使广告收入之战更加激烈，印刷和生产成本却不可遏制地上涨。结果，《纽约时报》公司旗下各种报纸已裁减了700份工作。《巴尔的摩太阳报》即将关闭其驻外新闻机构。在英国，多数报纸都缩版成为小报开本，意在吸引年轻读者，但是因为“小报”有“低档廉价”之嫌，有些报纸就称新开本为“缩编版”。
所有发行量大的报纸都建立了强大的网站。 互联网为任何有意见的人提供了一个便利的窗口；报纸编辑最喜欢的莫过于给他们提供各种不同的反馈和意见，他们能从中得到安慰。如今十几岁的少年已不记得曾经没有互联网的日子了；只有在写关于印刷新闻这一特定媒体的作业时他们才去看报纸。
不可否认报纸对环境的影响。世界上每年有近40亿裸树木被砍伐用来造纸，约占全部木材砍伐量的35%。但必须承认，许多用来造纸的树木是在特别的种植园出产的，它们是定期砍伐和栽种的。而且，旧报纸常被回收利用，变成新的报纸。尽管如此，在美国，造纸厂是对空气、水体和土地污染最严重的行业之一。
但是，对于许多人来说，日报或周报依然是个伟大的传统。“没有礼拜天版报纸的礼拜天就不是礼拜天，”这样的评语常见于在英国所做的调查。其他评语则提到报纸比笔记本电脑更方便之处：“我的报纸永远不会没电，”“假如我的报纸掉到地上，它不会摔破，”“空姐从来不会叫我把报纸收起来，”此外，还有评语让我们想到英国全国的外卖食品的传统包装方式，“你可以用它们来打苍蝇，还可以用来包鱼。”
如此看来，报纸是不会轻易消失的。未来报纸发展的趋势包括对本地新闻需求的日益增长，而始于20世纪80年代后期的对生活方式新闻的持续开发利用—尤其在个人理财和旅游方面—将会创造新的收入来源。有些评论者建议，报纸不应粗制滥造（尽管这是增加市场份额的通常做法），而应该精工细作。也就是说，尊崇以正直、诚实和不偏不倚的态度从事新闻报道的原则。具有为读者所敬重的办报立场的报纸肯定比互联网上零散阅读的同类报道享有更大的影响力和声望。
此外，小城镇报纸对于为人父母者总是意味深长，因为其子女的照片也许会在上面刊登，几天都是新闻。人人都放假的时候，坐在扶手椅上看传统的礼拜天版报纸，这将是难以打破的习惯。
但是这样是否足够？或者，有朝一日我们一定会看到报纸的消亡？
Unit 5 The Story of Anne Frank’s Diary 安妮·弗兰克日记的故事
“13 June 1944. Another birthday has gone by so now I"m 15. I"ve received quite a few presents, an art history book, a set of underwear, two belts, and a handkerchief, two pots of yogurt, a pot of jam and two small honey biscuits ... Peter and I have both spent years in the annexe — we often discuss the future, the past and the present, but ... I miss the real thing, and yet I know it exists.”
Anne Frank wrote these words in her now famous diary while she and her family were in hiding in "the secret annexe", a few rooms in the back of her father"s office in Amsterdam, Holland.
The Franks were in fact refugees, Jews from Germany who had emigrated to Holland, settling in Amsterdam to escape from Nazi persecution. But when, in May 1940 the German army invaded and occupied Holland, the persecution of the Dutch Jews very quickly began there too.
Like all Jews, Anne and her sister Margot were forbidden to attend school, to ride their bikes, even to travel in a car. They were only allowed to go into certain shops, and at all times they had to wear a yellow star on their clothing to show they were Jewish. The star of David, an important religious symbol, was transformed into a badge of shame by the Nazis.
By 1941, the Nazis were arresting large numbers of Jewish people, and sending them to labor camps which quickly became death camps. Otto Frank, Anne"s father, decided to conceal his family, and the family of his business partner.
The Franks went into hiding on 6 July 1942, just a few weeks after Anne started her diary, and were joined by the second family, the Van Pels a week later. For the next two years, eight people were confined to just six small rooms and could never go outside. There was rarely enough to eat, and the families lived in a state of poverty.
Throughout her time in hiding, Anne continued to write her diary. She describe the day-to-day activity in the annexe but she also wrote about her dreams and aspirations. It was very hard for her to plan for a future; she and the others knew what was happening to the Jews who had been caught.
"Our many Jewish friends and acquaintances are being taken away in droves. The Gestapo is treating them very roughly and transporting them in cattle cars to Westerbork, the big camp in Drenthe to which they"re sending all the Jews ... If it"s that bad in Holland, what must it be like in those faraway and uncivilized places where the Germans are sending them? We assume that most of them are being murdered. The English radio says they’re being gassed." —October 9, 1942
Despite being an ordinary teenager in many ways, curious, self-critical and moody, Anne was also an honest writer of considerable talent who fought for the right to live and this is what gives the diary such power:
"It"s a wonder I haven"t abandoned all of my ideals, they seem so absurd and impractical. Yet, I cling to them because I still believe in spite of everything that people are truly good at heart ...I must hold to my ideals. Perhaps the day will come when I will be able to realize them.
It"s utterly impossible for me to build my life on a foundation of chaos, suffering and death. I see the world being slowly turned into a wilderness, I hear the approaching thunder that, one day, will destroy us too, I feel the suffering of millions. And yet, when I look up at the sky, I somehow feel that everything will change for the better, that this cruelty too shall end, that peace and tranquility will return once more ... I must uphold my ideals, for perhaps the time will come when I shall be able to carry them out." — July 15, 1944
Writing these words, Anne was not displaying simple childish optimism. It was more a declaration of her principles and of the right to human dignity. The voice that comes across is of a solitary young girl writing for herself, yet at the same time it is the cry of all those innocent victims of evil whose fate was to suffer in the Second World War. That is why Anne Frank"s diary has achieved fame as the voice of the Holocaust in which six million Jews were murdered: She speaks for all of humanity.
In August 1944, the hiding place was stormed, and Nazi officers arrested everyone. They were taken to a transit camp and forced to do hard labor. From there they were taken by train to a concentration camp at Auschwitz. A month later, Anne and Margot were moved to Bergen-Belsen camp in Germany. They both died of typhus and starvation in March 1945. Anne Frank was 15, her sister was 19. Out of the eight people in hiding, Otto Frank was the only survivor, and when he found his daughter"s diary after the war, he arranged for its publication in recognition of her courage.
When Anne wrote in her diary "I hope that you will be a great support and comfort to me", she couldn"t have known that her writing would also be a support and comfort to the whole world after her death.
“1944年6月13日。又一个生日过去了，我现在15岁了。我收到了不少礼物：一本艺术史、一套内衣、两根腰带、一幅手帕、两罐酸奶、一罐果酱和两小块蜂蜜饼干??彼得和我在藏身所里待了两年了一我们经常谈论将来、过去和现在，可是??我想念外面真实的世界，而且我知道它存在。”
安妮·弗兰克在她现已出名的日记中写下了这些话，当时她和她的家人躲在“秘室”里，那是她父亲在荷兰阿姆斯特丹的办公室后面的几间屋子。
弗兰克一家实际上是难民，是从德国移民到荷兰的犹太人，定居在阿姆斯特丹以逃避纳粹的迫害，但是在1940年5月，当德国军队入侵并占领了荷兰之后，对荷兰犹太人的迫害也很快就开始了。
像所有的犹太人一样，安妮和姐姐玛戈被禁止上学、骑自行车、甚至坐汽车。德军只允许他们进有些店铺，任何时候都要在衣服上带着一颗黄星以表示他们是犹太人。大卫之星，一种重要的宗教象征，被纳粹变成了一种耻辱的标志。
到1941年，纳粹开始大量逮捕犹太人，把他们送往劳改集中营，劳改集中营很快就变成了死亡集中营。安妮的父亲奥托·弗兰克决定把家人和生意伙伴的家人藏起来。
1942年，7月6日，就在安妮开始写日记数周后，弗兰克一家躲了起来，一星期后，范·佩尔一家人也加入进来。在其后的两年里，八个人就关在六个小房间里，绝不能外出。两家人生活在贫困状态之中，连足够的食物都没有。
在躲藏的日子里，安妮一直坚持写日记。她逐日叙述“秘室”里的日常活动，也记述自己的梦想和憧憬。她很难设想未来；她和别的人都清楚，犹太人被捉住会有什么下场。
“我们的许多犹太人朋友和熟人都被成群地带走了。盖世太保对他们非常粗暴，用运牲口的拖车把他们运送到德伦特最大的集中营威斯特伯克，他们把所有犹太人都遣送到那里。??如果说在荷兰都这么槽，那么在德国人送他们去的那些遥远的蛮荒之地又会是什么样呢？我们猜想他们中的大多数正在被杀害。英国广播说他们正在被毒气熏死。”1942年10月9日
尽管安妮在许多方面都是个普通的十几岁少女，好奇、自我批评而且喜怒无常，但她还是个相当有天赋的诚实的作者，为生存的权利而斗争着。正是这一点赋予了她的日记如此强大的力量：
“我没有放弃所有理想，这简直是奇迹；它们显得那么荒唐和不切实际。然而，我紧紧抓着它们，因为我仍然相信，不管怎么样，人们的内心都是真正善良的??我必须坚持我的理想。也许在将来的某一天我的理想会实现。
我完全不可能把我的生活建立在混乱、苦难和死亡的基础上。我眼看着这世界正慢慢地变成荒野；我耳听着那逼近的雷霆，终有一天也会把我们摧毁；我感受着数百万人的苦难。然而，仰望天空的时候，我不知为什么觉得一切都将变好，这残酷的现实也将结束，和平和安宁将再度回归??我必须捍卫我的理想，因为也许我能够实现它们的时候就要到了。”1944年7月15日
安妮写这些话，并非在展示简单幼稚的乐观主义。那是她的信念和人类尊严权利的宣言。它传来的是一个孤独少女的声音，她为自己写作，但同时也是所有无辜受邪恶迫害者的呐喊，他们的命运就是在第二次世界大战期间受难。这就是安妮·弗兰克的日记被誉为犹太人大屠杀（其间有六百万犹太人被杀害）之声的原因：她的话代表了全人类的心声。
1944年8月，他们的藏身处被突袭了，纳粹官员逮捕了每一个人。他们被带往一个过渡性集中营，被迫做苦工。从那里，他们又被火车送往奥斯威辛。一个月后，安妮和玛戈被转移到德国的贝尔根一贝尔森集中营。她俩均于1945年3月死于斑疹伤寒和饥饿。安妮·弗兰克时年15岁；她的姐姐19岁。在躲藏的八个人中，唯一幸存者是奥托·弗兰克。他在战后发现了女儿的日记，设法出版了它，以表彰她的勇气。
当安妮在日记中写下“我希望你对我会是极大的支持和安慰”这句话时，她不可能知道，在她死后，她的文字也会是对全世界的支持和安慰。
Unit 6 My Dream Comes True梦想成真
The rain had started to fall gently through the evening air as darkness descended over Sydney. Hundreds of lights illuminated Stadium Australia, and the noise was deafening. As I walked towards the track I glanced around me at the sea of faces in the stands, but my mind was focused. The Olympic gold medal was just minutes away, hanging tantalizingly in the distance.
My heart was beating loudly, my mouth was dry and the adrenaline was pumping. I was so close
to the realization of my childhood dream and the feeling was fantastic; it was completely exhilarating, but also terrifying. I knew I would have to push myself beyond my known limits to ensure that my dream came true.
I tried to keep composed, telling myself not to panic, to stick to the plan and run my own race. I knew the Russian girls would set off quickly — and I had to finish this race fewer than ten seconds behind the Russian athlete Yelena Prokhorova. If I could do that, the title would be mine.
I looked out along the first stretch of the 400m track and caught my breath. The 800m race had punished me so much over the years— in the World, Commonwealth and European Championships —and now it stood between me and the Olympic title.
The British supporters were cheering so loudly it seemed as if they were the only fans there. I could hear my name being called. I could hear the shouts of encouragement and the cries of hope. Union Jacks fluttered all around the vast, beautiful stadium. I felt unified with the crowd — we all had the same vision and the same dream.
My ankle was bandaged against an injury I had incurred in the long jump just a couple of hours earlier, but I shut out all thoughts of pain. I tried to concentrate on the crowd. They were so vocal. My spirits lifted and I felt composed.
I knew I would do my best, that I would run my heart out and finish the race. I felt the performer in me move in and take over. I had just two laps to run, that was all. Just two laps until the emotional and physical strain of the past two days and the last 28 years would be eclipsed by victory or failure. This race was all about survival. It"s only two minutes, I kept telling myself, anyone can run for two minutes.
The starting gun was fired, and the race began. The first lap was good, I managed to keep up with the group, but I was feeling much more tired than I usually did, and much more than I"d anticipated. Both the long, hard weeks of training that had led up to this championship, and the exhaustion from two days of grueling competition were showing in my performance. Mental and physical fatigue were starting to crush me, and I had to fight back.
Prokhorova had set the pace from the start. It was important that I didn’t let her get too far in front. I had to stay with her. At the bell I was 2.3 seconds behind her. Just one lap to go. One lap. I could do it. I had to keep going. In the final 150 meters I could hear the roar of the crowd, giving me a boost at exactly the moment I needed it the most — just when my legs were burning and I could see the gap opening between me and the Russian. Thankfully, my foot was holding out, so now it was all down to mental stamina.
Prokhorova was pulling away. I couldn"t let her get too far; I had to stay with her. I began counting down the meters I had left to run; 60m, 50m, 40m, 2om. I could see the clock. I could do it, but it would be close. Then finally the line appeared. I crossed it, exhausted. I had finished.
As I crossed the line my initial thought was how much harder the race had been than expected, bearing in mind how, only eight weeks before, I had set a new personal best of two minutes 12.2 seconds. Then my mind turned to the result. Had I done it? I thought I had. I was aware of where the other athletes were, and was sure that I"d just made it. But, until I saw it on the scoreboard, I wouldn"t let myself believe it. As I stood there, staring up and waiting for confirmation, I tried hard to keep negative thoughts from my mind - but I couldn’t help thinking, what if I have just missed out? What if I’ve been through all this, and missed out?
In the distance I could hear the commentary team talking about two days of tough competition, then I could almost hear someone say, "I think she"s done enough." The next thing I knew, Sabine Braun of Germany came over and told me I"d won. They had heard before me, and she asked what it felt like to be the Olympic champion. I smiled, still not sure.
Then, the moment that will stay with me for the rest of my life —my name in lights. That was when it all hit me. Relief, a moment of calm, and a thank you to my inner self for taking me through these two days. I felt a tingle through the whole of my body. This was how it is meant to be —arms aloft and fists clenched.
I looked out at the fans, who were waving flags, clapping and shouting with delight. I was the Olympic champion. The Olympic champion.
当夜幕降临悉尼时，雨也开始悄悄地从夜空中飘落。几百盏灯把澳大利亚体育场照得灯火通明，场内的声音震耳欲聋。走向跑道时我看了一眼四周看台上无数的脸，但我的注意力还是很集中。再过几分钟奥运金牌的归属就要见分晓了，它悬挂在远处，很诱人。
我的心在剧烈地跳动，口干舌燥，肾上腺素猛增。童年的梦想就要实现了，这种感觉真是太奇妙了：令人非常兴奋，又胆战心惊。我知道，为了确保能梦想成真我必须强迫自己超越已知的极限。
我极力保持镇静，告诫自己不要紧张，要坚持按原计划做，按自己的节奏跑。我知道那些俄罗斯姑娘起跑很快—这场比赛我落后俄罗斯运动员叶莲娜·普罗科霍洛娃不能超过十秒。如果我做到这一点，冠军就是我的了。
我望着四百米跑道的起跑点，屏住了呼吸。这些年来，在世锦赛、英联邦锦标赛以及欧洲锦标赛的八百米赛跑中我屡战屡败，饱受挫折。现在，它再次横在我与奥运冠军头衔之间。
我的英国支持者在为我欢呼，声音特别大，就好像看台上只有他们是我的狂热支持者。我听到他们喊我的名字，为我鼓劲加油，听到他们充满希望的呐喊。宽阔美丽的体育场上到处飘扬着大不列颠联合王国的国旗，我感觉自己和观众融为了一体：我们有着同样的期盼，同样的梦想。！
几个小时前，我的脚踩在跳远时受了伤，缠上了绷带，但是我忘掉伤痛，尽量把注意力集中在观、众身上。他们的叫喊声势浩大，使我精神振奋，我感到镇定自若。
我知道自己会全力以赴，拼尽全力跑完全程。我感觉自己已经进入最佳状态。我只要跑两圈就行了，就两圈。跑完这两圈，过去两天以及28年来所有情感和身体上的辛苦付出就将被胜利或者失败所淹没。这一跑真是生死攸关。我不断地告诉自己：也就是跑两分钟，谁都能跑两分钟。
发令枪响了，比赛正式开始。第一圈还好，我跟其他人跑得一样快，但我觉得比平时要累得多，比我预想的要累得多。这次锦标赛赛前长达数周的艰苦训练以及这两天激烈的比赛所带来的疲劳在我的赛跑过程中显现出来。精神和肉体的疲倦开始向我袭来，我不得不反击。
普罗科霍洛娃一开始就领先。最重要的是我不能被她甩得太远，我得紧紧地跟着她。最后一圈的铃声响起时，我比她落后2.3秒。只剩最后一圈了，就一圈，我能赢，我必须坚持跑下去。到最后150米的时候我听见观众高声叫喊，在我最需要的时候为我加油助威一这时我的腿疼得要命，我看见我和那个俄罗斯运动员之间的距离正在加大。令人欣喜的是我的脚都还在继续往前迈，这时候就全靠精神毅力来支撑了。
我听见远处转播比赛的解说员在谈论两天来的艰难赛事，我好像听见有人说：“我觉得她做得够好了。”接下来，来自德国的萨拜因·布劳恩走过来告诉我我赢了，他们在我之前打听到了消息，她问我当奥运冠军是什么滋味。我笑了，但还是不敢肯定。
接下来的那一刻将让我铭记一生：计分牌上我的名字亮了。那一刻我惊呆了。如释重负，平静了一会儿，感谢我内在的自我帮我度过了这两天。我感到全身一阵振颤，这时候该做的事是：高举双手，紧握双拳。
我向我的支持者望去，他们正兴高采烈地挥舞旗帜，鼓掌呐喊。我是奥运冠军，奥运会的冠军。
Unit 7 Are Animals Smarter Than We Think? 动物比我们想象的更聪明吗？
What does an elephant see when it looks in the mirror? Itself, apparently. Previously, such self-awareness was thought to be limited to humans, primates and the great celebrities of the world of animal intelligence, dolphins. At first, elephants in studies with mirrors will explore the mirror as an object. Eventually, they may realize they are looking at themselves. They will repeatedly touch a mark painted on their heads that they wouldn"t see without the mirror. Diana Reiss of Hunter College believes these are compelling signs of self-awareness.
Scientists used to believe that animals were like machines programmed to react to stimuli. They were not considered capable of feeling or thinking, and certainly not of understanding abstract concepts. However, any dog owner will disagree. They know, when they see the love in their pet"s eyes, that it has feelings. A dog can be trained to respond to commands and perform useful tasks. It can recognize different people and make choices about what to eat or which path to take. But does this mean that an animal is capable of thinking and, if so, can it be proved? Our perceptions of animals are filtered through our own human understanding of the world and we often project human feelings and thoughts onto other creatures.
One of the first scientists to try to investigate the animal mind was the British naturalist Charles Darwin. In his book The Descent of Man, published in 1871, he questioned whether higher mental abilities such as self-consciousness and memory, were limited to human beings. Darwin speculated that human and non-human minds aren"t all that different. Animals, he argued, face the same general challenges and have the same basic needs as humans: to find food and a mate, to navigate through the sky, the woods or the sea. All these tasks require the ability to problem-solve and to categorize. Birds, for example, need to be able to distinguish colors so they know when a
fruit is ripe, what is safe to eat and what is not. Knowing the shapes of predators helps them to escape danger. Having a concept of numbers helps them to keep track of their flock, and to know which individuals have a mate.
All these skills require, not just instinct, but cognitive ability, argues Irene Pepperberg, who has worked on animal intelligence since 1977.
She studied an African grey parrot called Alex from the age of one for 30 years. Parrots are well-known for their ability to imitate speech and in her experiments; Pepperberg used this talent to find out about Alex"s understanding of the world. Her aim was to teach him to reproduce the sounds of the English language so that she could then have a dialogue with him. "I thought if he learned to communicate, I could ask him questions about how he sees the world."
Memory, language, self-awareness, emotions and creativity are key indications of higher mental abilities. Scientists have, bit by bit, uncovered and documented these talents in other species. Pepperberg discovered that Alex could count, distinguish shapes, sizes, colors and materials such as wood, wool and metal. Until recently, only higher mammals, such as primates, have been thought capable of understanding concepts of "same" and "different". But parrots, like primates, live for a long time in complex societies, so abstract mental ability would seem to be a valuable survival skill for them, too.
Darwin argued that animals" minds, like their bodies, have evolved to suit their environment. He went so far as to suggest that even worms have some hint of intelligence since he observed them making judgments about the kinds of leaves they used to block their tunnels. Many scientists in the 20th century dismissed such findings as unreliable, usually influenced by anthropomorphism, in other words, judging animals by human attributes. However, the pendulum is now swinging away from thinking of animals as machines without intelligence, and back towards Darwin"s ideas. A wide range of studies on animals suggests that the roots of intelligence are deep, widespread across the animal kingdom and highly changeable.
People were surprised to find that chimpanzees and other primates were smart. They make tools. Orangutans use leaves as rain hats and protect their hands when climbing spiky trees. Scientists put this down to the fact that primates and humans share a common ancestor. What is surprising them now however, is" that intelligence doesn"t seem to be limited to those species with whom; we have a common ancestor. It appears that evolution can reinvent similar forms of consciousness indifferent species; and that to an astonishing degree, this intelligence is not reserved only for higher mammals. One vital question is thrown up by the current research: If all this is true and animals have feelings and intelligence, should it affect the way we humans treat them?
大象照镜子时到底看到了什么？显然是它自己。以前，人们认为这样的自我意识仅存于人类、灵长类动物以及动物智慧世界的明星—海豚。在这项大象和镜子的研究里，大象起初只把镜子当作物品来把玩。最后，它们可能意识到它们在镜子里看到了自己。它们会反复触碰画在它们头上的印记，这是一些没有镜子就不可能看见的印记。亨特大学的戴安娜·雷斯认为，这是自我意识的很有力的说明。
过去，科学家认为动物和机器一样，能根据事先编排好的程序对外界的刺激作出反应。还认为它们不具备感受和思考能力，绝对没有理解抽象概念的能力。但是，养狗的人是不会同意这种看法的。他们在宠物狗的眼睛里看到了爱，知道它有情感。狗能通过训练接受指令做有益的事情。它会认人、选择食物、识别道路。但这是否意味着它有思维能力呢？如果有的话，又如何证实呢？我们对动物的认知是经过过滤的，是建立在人类对世界的理解的基础上的，我们经常把人类的情感和思想投射到其它动物身上。
最早研究动物心智的科学家之一是英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文。在1871年出版的《人类的起源》一书中，他质疑是否只有人类才具有高级思维能力—如自我意识和记忆。达尔文猜测人脑和动物脑没有那么大的差别。他认为，动物和人一样面对相同的常规挑战和相同的基本需求：寻找食物和伴侣，在天空、森林和海洋中旅行时不迷失方向。要完成这些任务，就需要有解决问题和甄别分类的能力。例如鸟类必须有分辨颜色的能力，以确定果实什么时候成熟，什么东西能吃，什么东西不能吃。了解捕食动物的形状能帮助它们避开危险，有数字概念可帮助他们了解本鸟群的情况，了解哪些鸟已有伴侣。
从1977年起就从事动物智慧研究的艾琳·佩拍伯格认为，所有这些技巧不仅需要本能，还需要认知能力。
她研究一只叫“亚历克斯”的非洲灰鹦鹉，从它一岁开始整整研究了30年。鹦鹉以模仿语言的能力著称；在她的实验里，佩拍伯格利用鹦鹉这方面的才能来了解亚历克斯对世界的理解。她的目标是教会它英语，以便能够和它对话。“我想如果它学会如何交流，我即可问它是如何看待这个世界的了。”
记忆、语言、自我意识、情感和创造性是高智力的关键标志。科学家已经一点一滴地揭示并记录了其他物种在这些方面的才能。佩拍伯格发现亚历克斯不仅能够数数，还能分辨形状、大小、颜色及材料（如木头、羊毛和金属）。直到最近，只有高等哺乳动物，如灵长类，才会被认为具有理解“相同”和“不同”这些概念的能力。但鹦鹉和灵长类一样长期生活在复杂社会里，因此抽象的智力对它们而言似乎也同样是有价值的生存技巧。
达尔文认为，动物的心智和它们的身体一样因为要适应环境而进化了。他甚至说：即便是虫子也有一点点智慧，因为他观察到虫子能判断什么样的叶子适合用来堵它们的洞口。许多20世纪的科学家轻视这些发现，认为它们不可靠，这是受了拟人说的影响，即根据人的特征来判断动物。但是，现在舆论的天平已不再向那些认为动物像机器一样没有智慧的观点倾斜了，而是向达尔文的观点倾斜。大范围的动物研究表明：智慧之根在动物界的分布既深又广，变化多端。
人们吃惊地发现黑猩猩及其他灵长类动物都很聪明，它们会制造工具。红毛黑猩猩能用树叶当斗笠挡雨；在爬带刺的树时，它们知道如何保护自己的手。科学家把这种现象归结为灵长类动物和人类拥有共同祖先这一事实。但是，现在让他们吃惊的是智慧似乎并不仅仅体现在与人同祖的物种身上。进化似乎能够在不同物种身上重新创造出相似的意识形式。令人吃惊的是，这种智慧并非高等哺乳动物的专利。目前的研究提出了一个重大的问题：如果这一切都是真的，如果动物具有情感和智力，这会改变人类对待动物的方式吗？
一、调整备考心态：考研不相信泪水，只相信汗水！
7月和8月份暑期，整个考研备战进入强化复习阶段。这个阶段，按照文都考研英语复习方案的要求是：强化复习，齐头并进，把握每一板块的解题精髓所在，对考研英语的认识完成感性到理性的升华。
时间的投入，你们别无选择！暑期时间充裕，对于英语这一科，只要部署得当，在现有基础上提高20%-30%并非难事。
考场如战场，你不想倒下，就得超越别人，让别人倒下。考研只以成败论英雄！明年春暖花开的时候，我宁可希望听到别人醋溜溜地评价你们：“就他/她那水平还考上了”，也不希望别人惋惜地说：“她/他的水平本应该考上的”。…一听就是与事实相反的虚拟语气。我们是选择被人嫉妒还是被人同情呢？
二、备考方式建议：孤军奋战还是协同作战？
暑期时间较长，对于考研学子来说是个漫长而又难熬的日子，所以在建议复习备考方面建议如下：自律性非常强且功底较好的学员，可以采用各门功课综合复习的方式，来消除精神及视觉疲劳；对于自律性相对较差及英语基础较差的学员，暑假期间我推荐大家采取参加辅导班结合自学的方式，这样才能使学习效率最大化。
参加辅导班可以克服自己的惰性，更有效地约束自己、督促自己尽快进入学习状态。多人一起学习，有良好的学习氛围，同学间可以相互交流心得体会，学习经验。最关键的一点是，辅导老师将教会大家掌握各种解题技巧，针对性强。让大家在最短的时间内获得最大提高。辅导老师就是教会大家提高效率，也就是教大家如何偷懒，术语叫做“解题技巧”。聪明的人才会偷懒，如果一个人连偷懒都懒得学，那是绝对无药可救的。
课外自学是必不可少的，很多同学报了班就把考研任务交给辅导老师了，听完觉得收获很大，但课后不去及时反刍，结果造成消化不良，自我感觉相当良好，其实如我诊断的一样，只是错觉。子曾经曰过，学而不思则傻。课后复习就是要认真思考整理课上学过的技巧，趁热才好打铁，除此不能真正把老师传授的技能转换为自己的实战能力。
三、复习内容与目标
暑期复习的基本要求是加强基础，强化技能。也就是需要同学们进一步加强英语基本功（词汇识别、语法分析能力）的训练，同时又要强化各种题型解题技能。
大家可以根据以下的方案，自己制作一个详细的学习计划，把每一步复习都纳入计划中，这样复习不会感到杂乱无绪。
（一）强化基本功
1、词汇。理想目标是到假期结束的时候应该基本没有词汇死角。“词汇是英语的命根子”，词汇方面不能打折扣。词汇的折扣跟你的最终分数基本成反比。词汇记忆的方法可以灵活多样，因人而异，如词缀法，联想法，过量法等等，只要有利于记忆的都可以用。但务必要确保每个单词有意识复习三遍以上，然后通过做往年试题来随机复习。如大家不知如何记忆或仍有盲点，可以再听文都春季考研英语词汇速记班，来强化考研英语词汇的记忆。
词汇复习尽量利用好自己的零散时间。给大家介绍一个方法就是可以按照考研英语词汇大纲，删掉自己熟悉的词汇、短语，然后打印剩下的内容，做成单词卡片（A4的纸裁成4张，每张14个单词）带在身上，随时随地进行复习，几分钟就能复习一张单词卡。
2、语法。具体三方面基本要求：
1）语法基本知识要系统掌握。可以看一遍教材（高中语法即可），不要做语法书后面的单选题（难度偏低）。可以做往年考研真题考过的语法单选。比较好的材料是完型填空，里面的语法考查经常很灵活，时常需要联系上下文来解决语法问题。
2）语法在阅读相关板块（完型+阅读+新题型+翻译）中的最主要的要求是能够拆分句子意群，然后从意群信息的角度来解释选项的合理性或干扰性。这一点直接关系到阅读中选项与原文进行比较时是否准确。句子意群的切分、理解方法可以参考我的长难句分析讲义（有图解）和答案，另外可以直接应用于翻译和分解句子意群。
3）语法最重要的直接应用是写作的准确性。这方面比较快的提高方法是练习汉译英。大家可以使用新概念第二、三册的课文来练习，将课本提供的汉语译文翻译成英语，再对照一下英语原文，检查自己的语法是否准确。对于考研英语写作要求来讲，所选文章难度适中，用来练习准确表达非常有效。
语法时间安排上，每周拿出1小时来看书练习即可。
（二）提高解题技能
解决基础问题的同时，还要强化各题型的解题技巧。在此阶段，大家可以参加辅导班，有针对性地学习掌握最有效的解题技巧，提高效率。自己钻研半天，往往比不上辅导老师几句话的点拨。
课后自己投入一定时间及时复习，推荐大家先解决90年代中期以前的传统阅读理解、完型填空、翻译和写作。然后再做近10年相关考试题型。做完后，一定要认真分析总结，不能简单为做题而做题。求质不求量，以数量提高质量的方法非常落后，只能让人淹死在题海中。
四、复习时间统筹安排与复习方法
考研英语分多个模块，根据各个模块需要统筹安排时间和复习方法。
（一）完型填空
1、练习材料
完型填空可以先从往年六级试题开始练习，六级难度略低于考研，是不错的过渡练习。基础比较薄弱的同学甚至可以从四级的完型开始做，里面的语法知识、逻辑推理能力考查和基本的解题思路从四、六级到考研是一脉相承的，从易到难完成三级跳。
2、时间安排
完型填空建议大家每篇控制在15分钟以内，每周三篇，个人可以根据自己情况增减。
3、解题思路
1）速读全文，把握大意。全文首尾句要细读。各段的首句必读。速读时不要受空白处的干扰。
2）仔细阅读，各个击破。带着主题，遵循先易后难的原则，先解决线索比较明显的简单词汇、语法题。没把握的先空过去，答完简单的后再结合上下文，重新分析确定选项。
做题时要充分利用主题大意和上下文的信息提示作用，注意信息链的连贯，一致。多数题目可以通过上文信息获得线索，部分题目需从下文寻找提示。
如时间充裕，可以做一下检查。核对填空后的句子连贯性，词汇语法的准确性，减少非知识性失分。如时间不足，可略去。
（二）阅读理解
每周做3篇，然后分析题目。每篇文章做题尽量控制在15分钟之内。
整体解题思路方面，请牢记我讲座和新题型基础班上反复强调的说明文和议论文写作两大核心规律：三段论和总分法，这是提高解题速度、防止做题迷糊的一个大前提。三段论并不是说文章只有三段，而是指说明文和议论文基本都有三个大的板块组成，即What、Why、How，也就是，提出问题（现象）、原因、结论（建议/解决方案）。总分法是指这两类文体基本都是段落首句为主题句（或介绍句），抓住各段首句，即抓住文章的大体意思（但还不足以用来答主旨归纳题）。
这一阶段重点是磨练对文章细节的把握，对同学们的具体要求就是，必须做选项意群和原文相关句意群的精确对比练习。这一点是阅读解题得分的关键所在。如果做不好这一步，考研英语阅读将永远停留在做题跟着感觉走的阶段，无法迈进颠峰。
具体方法可以参考长难句分析的讲义，分别对原文句子和选项句子（题干+选项组成的句子）进行意群切分，然后对比各个意群之间的逻辑含义是否完全一致，只有匹配程度最高的那个选项才是正确答案。
强调一下，是必须对比每一个意群，否则就容易掉进命题员设置的“偷梁换柱”的陷阱。以细节题为例，经常设置干扰选项的方法是，错误选项里的绝大多数意群符合原文，但某个意群偏离原文，类似于数学里的正负得负。
（三）新题型
模拟题每周2篇。解题思路参考以下内容：
从06年大纲来看，规定的三种题型尽管命题形式有区别，但考查考生的能力有共性，概括如下：
1.考查考生对全文和段落结构的整体把握
要求考生能够把握所读文章的结构特征，掌握文章的主旨和段落主题；能够理清文章和段落的发展脉络，把握文章的起承转合关系和段落的发展模式。
2.考查考生对文章语篇、语段特征的理解
（1）一致性。“一致性”指全文围绕一个主题；每一个段落也只有一个主题，分主题是为全文主题服务的。已往考过的文章，文章或段落的主题常为明确的主题句，也可主题不直接点明，而是蕴含在论据细节中。
（2） 连贯性。 连贯性是指段落与段落之间，段落内的句与句之间的衔接和协调一致。文章或段落的论点与论据之间的关系必须清楚、合乎逻辑。这一点对考生的要求最高。
就每一种具体题型的解题方法和步骤，大家可以参考我的新题型讲义讲解（我个人网站有下载）。在此不再赘述。
（四）翻译
暑期考研翻译应该多做真题。如果感觉基础薄弱，可以先做自己学习的课本课文翻译。比如新视野、上外大学英语新编等教材的第三册，完成过渡，再做真题。
推荐的基本解题步骤：
第一步：读文章。这需要快速通读，方法同阅读理解的通读一样，重点看各段落首句。然后细读上文句子、考查句子和下文句子。通读是为了确定主题，上下文是为了确定考查句中经常出现的指代词。
第二步：把句子切分为基本意群，同时理解。只要是看一眼就能翻译出来的最长的语言单位作为一个意群。
第三步：直译所有意群，请大家务必写下来译出的意群。这一步写下背单词时的字面意义即可。不能花费时间在雕琢汉语词汇上。
第四步：根据对英语原句的理解，判断汉语的意群之间的逻辑关系，按照汉语的习惯进行语序调整和词汇润色。这一步主要是考查汉语的表达能力。
第五步：誊抄答案。
具体过程演示可参考我的长难句讲义和翻译综合讲义。
（五）写作
写作这个阶段一定要开始写全文了，不能只停留在细化提纲的程度。暑假至少写出完整的2篇小作文和3篇大作文。建议练习用1小时，小作文15-20分钟，大作文40-45分钟。
写作基本步骤：
1.审题2至5分钟。根据给出的提纲，列出较详细的大纲。
2.打草稿25分钟左右，保证句子准确性和灵活性。
3.修改誊抄10分钟。注意再次调整词汇和句式，不要单调。
写作高分要求：
1、卷面必须整洁，字体适中。统计表明，两个水平一样的考生，卷面整洁的会比卷面较差的至少要高一两分，而这是评分细则里明确允许的。阅卷老师印象分经常占极大比例。这就要求同学们平时写作的时候要养成打草稿的习惯，防止胡乱涂改。字不能太大或太小。以打印出的Times New Roman 二号字为佳。
2、必须分段明确。最好段与段之间隔开一行字的距离。
3、扣题+语言准确+灵活句式和高端词汇
这里要特别强调的是语言准确是基础，是大多数同学作文的致命伤。要短期克服这个问题，建议大家多做汉译英练习，方法在语法部分讲过了。
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